问题 问答题 简答题

结合中国农村人口问题,评述托达罗“人口流动模型”。

答案

参考答案:

托达罗人口流动模型的特征:

(1)促进人口流动的基本力量是相对收益和成本的理性经济考虑,这种考虑还包括心理因素;

(2)迁移决策取决于预期的而不是现实的城乡实际工资差异;

(3)获得城市就业机会的概率与城市就业率成正比,而与城市失业率成反比;

(4)人口流动率超过城市工作机会的增长率不仅是可能的,而且是合理的。托达罗人口流动模型不仅具有理论上的意义,更具有重要的政策含义。

(1)应尽量减轻城乡机会不均等的现象;

(2)传统的减少城市失业政策不仅可能会导致更高水平的城市失业,而且还会因“诱发迁移”

而造成更低水平的农业产出;

(3)不加区别地发展教育事业会进一步加剧人口流动和失业;

(4)应适当控制工资补贴与政府直接雇用人员的数量;

(5)应当鼓励制定一体化的农村发展规划。

托达罗指出的上述政策对我国目前的发展农村的规划有很大指导意义。我国农村人口众多,存在大量的富余劳动力。托达罗的人口流动模型比刘易斯-费-拉尼斯模型和乔根森模型更贴近发展中国家的现实,它纠正了他们只注重农村劳动力流人城市对经济发展的积极作用,而忽视人口的盲目流动不仅加剧了城市已有的失业现象,还会造成其他一系列经济、社会问题;并提出了诸如缩小城乡差距,减少城乡发展失衡,重视农村发展,从根本上转变人们流向城市的愿望,缓解城市就业压力等一系列重大理论问题和政策措施。

完形填空
通读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在各题所给的A,B,C,D四个选项中,选出一个最佳答案。
When I entered Berkeley, I hoped to earn a scholarship.Having been a Straight-A student,I believed I could 36 tough subjects and really learn something. One such course was World Literature given by Professor Jayne.I was extremely interested in the ideas he 37 in class
When I took the first exam,I was 38  to find a 77,C-plus, on my test paper, 39 English was my best subject,I went to Professor Jayne, who listened to my arguments but remained 40
I decided to try harder, although I didn’t know what that  41 because school had always been easy for me.I read the books more carefully, but got another 77. Again,I  42 with Professor Jayne.Again,he listened patiently but wouldn’t change his  43
One more test before the final exam.One more  44  to improve my grade.So I redoubled my efforts and for the first time 45  the meaning of the word "thorough”. But my 46 did no good and everything 47 as before.
The last hurdle (障碍) was the final.No matter what 48  I got, it wouldn’t cancel three C-pluses.I might as well kiss the  49  goodbye.
I stopped working hard.I felt I knew the course material as well as I ever would.The night before the final,I even 50 myself to a movie.The next day I decided for once I'd have 51 with a test.
A week later, I was surprised to find I got an A.I hurried into Professor Jayne's office. He 52 to be expecting me.“If I gave you the As you 53,you wouldn’t continue to work as hard.
I stared at him,54 that his analysis and strategy were correct. I had worked my head 55, as I had never done before.
I was speechless when my course grade arrived:A-Plus.It was the only A-plus given.The next year I received my scholarship.I've always remembered Professor Jayne’s lesson:you alone must set your own standard of excellence.
小题1:
A.takeB.discussC.coverD.get
小题2:
A.soughtB.presentedC.exchangedD.obtained
小题3:
A.shockedB.worriedC.scaredD.anxious
小题4:
A.butB.soC.forD.or
小题5:
A.unchangedB.unpleasantC.unfriendlyD.unmoved
小题6:
A.reflectedB.meantC.improved D.affected
小题7:
A.quarreledB.reasonedC.bargainedD.chatted
小题8:
A.attitudeB.mindC.plan D.view
小题9:
A.choiceB.stepC.chance D.measure
小题10:
A.memorizedB.consideredC.accepted D.1earned
小题11:
A.ambitionB.confidenceC.effort D.method
小题12:
A.stayedB.wentC.workedD.changed
小题13:
A.gradeB.answerC.lesson D.comment
小题14:
A.scholarshipB.courseC.degreeD.subject
小题15:
A.helpedB.favoredC.treatedD.relaxed
小题16:
A.funB.luckC.problems D.tricks
小题17:
A.happenedB.provedC.pretendedD.seemed
小题18:
A.valuedB.imaginedC.expected D.welcomed
小题19:
A.rememberingB.guessingC.supposingD.realizing
小题20:
A.outB.overC.onD.off
单项选择题