问题 问答题

简述北宋积贫积弱的原因。

答案

参考答案:宋太宗以后,宋防弊之政的隐患逐渐暴露出来,其最集中的体现则是时人概括的“积贫积弱”。积贫即财政危机,积弱即军力衰弱不堪。积贫又有“三冗”之说,即“冗官”“冗兵”“冗费”,其中冗官、冗兵为因,冗费为果。
(1)冗官——真宗以下,官僚队伍日渐增长,严重超编。冗官现象的出现,主要是因为官僚机构设置叠床架屋,职能交叉,因人因事添设职务。就入官途径而言,科举、恩荫、进纳、吏员出职诸途并开;官员待遇优厚,可以荫子;官愈冗而费愈冗,相关的还有冗员。
(2)冗兵——军队数量更是恶性膨胀。冗兵的产生源于宋朝的养兵政策。宋初继承中唐以来募兵制并加以发展,使兵、民互相绝缘,将其作为消除动乱的良法。每年灾荒,即大行招兵,入伍者可携带家属,倚食于朝廷。又实行更戍法,频频调动。如此皆导致军费直线上升,成为财政支出的大宗。
(3)冗费——冗官耗于上,冗兵耗于下,加上其他费用,财政出现问题。宋朝财政管理不善、机构重叠、彼此牵制、互不相知、互不调用。财物积库不能正常流通,为贪官污吏中饱私囊。皆此种种,宋财政危机日益严重。
(4)宋虽巨资养兵,却未得其用,对外被动挨打,屡战不胜。积弱现象的出现,主要源于军政败坏。由于实行养兵政策,招兵过滥,导致军队素质下降;军士骄惰,训练废弛,战斗力低下。除此之外,另有,其一,军事指挥混乱,将从中御,以文制武,兵权分散,互相牵制。其二,兵不识将,将不专兵,上下无凝聚力。其三,消极防御,战略呆板,兵分势孤,被动挨打。其四,长期重文轻武,忽视将才培养,将领有勇无谋,临敌每多失当。

解析: 宋代的积贫积弱是一个比较大的问题,需要考生对于当时的时代背景有一个较为深刻的了解才能较好地把握这个问题。应该看到,积贫、积弱以及三冗之间的因果关系。

配伍题 B1型题
阅读理解

Dear Volunteers,

The service you will provide to elderly individuals in Abilene as a Meals on Wheels volunteer is deeply appreciated. I want to take this opportunity to thank you for the many miles you will travel and all of the hours you will contribute to help make this one of the best programs in the entire state.

We have our staff members make a home visit before adding each person to the program and try to visit everyone at least once every year. That is hardly enough, and we depend on your contact a great deal! It is important that you report back when you do not get an answer to your knock on the door. The person inside may be hurt or ill. They may be in hospital or out of town and fail to inform us. If they are frequently absent, we may need to determine if they still need meals.

If you find someone with a medical emergency, please call 911 to request medical assistance, and then call the Meals on Wheels office. If you find someone who needs assistance other than for a medical emergency, please call the Meals on Wheels office at 6725050, and we will try to find the appropriate agency or individual to call.

Let us know when a certain person needs extra food. We have a food preparation room of shelf stable items to share with them. Please feel free to take a few magazines when you deliver meals. Many of those we serve cannot afford magazines and enjoy reading. If someone is interested in getting books from the Abilene Public Library, let us know. We can sign them up for the Books on Wheels program. Call if you smell gas strongly when you deliver meals, or if someone needs a space heater, a blanket, or an electric fan. Please convey all needs to us, and we will try to see that they are met. Some of the elderly people who we offer our service may have cancers, liver diseases, AIDS, etc. If you do not want to deliver meals to the people with certain types of health problems, such as these, please let us know.

Sincerely,

Betty L. Bradley, LBSW,

Executive Director

小题1:Why does the author write this letter?

A.To express great thanks to volunteers.

B.To explain how the old people get help.

C.To tell volunteers what they are tasked with.

D.To describe the life situation of the old people.小题2:What can we learn about the volunteers from the passage?

A.They order books for needy people.

B.They design programs to help people.

C.They offer medical help to sick people.

D.They deliver food to the elderly people.小题3:How does the author learn about the needs of the people served?

A.The volunteers report back the information to him.

B.His staff members call them to get the information.

C.He visits them now and then to get the information.

D.The family members send the information to his office.