问题 问答题

简述北宋初年加强中央集权的措施及其影响。

答案

参考答案:北宋 * * 建立后,宋太祖、太宗十分注意社会控制,相继采取了加强专制主义中央集权的措施:
(1)削减州郡长官的权力。把他们的兵权、财权和司法权收归中央。又以文臣任州郡长官,另设“通判”以牵制之。后将全国划为十五路,设转运使、提点刑狱、安抚使、提举常平等四司,临时指派朝官兼领。此外,大毁南方城垣。
(2)分割宰相的权力。在宰相之下设“参知政事”作为副贰,还把唐末五代设置过的枢密使和三司使定为常设官员,以枢密使分取宰相的军政大权,以三司使(又称“计相”)分取宰相的财政大权。
(3)实行“官、职、差遣”,不让官员长期掌握某些方面的权力。官,只是一种虚衔,作为叙级、定薪俸之用。职,亦称贴职,是一种清高的虚衔,也并不是实际有所职掌。只有差遣一类,才是负实责的。因此,宋代官僚只注重差遣,并不注重徒具空名的官位。这是官与职不一致、名与实分开的办法。
(4)改革军制,禁军不再设最高统帅,罢殿前都点检等职,设“三司”,派资历较浅、容易驾驭的人来担任将领,而以枢密院掌握发兵之权。同时,实行“更戍法”,造成“兵无常帅,帅无常师”的局面。
(5)发展科举制。严格考试程序,(殿试)增加录取名额,提高被录取人的待遇,广泛吸收地主阶级知识分子参加 * * 。
(6)按照“守内虚外”的政策进行军事部署。禁军有一半驻防京、畿,余则分成全国要冲;边境上只屯少量禁军,对辽、西夏贵族势力采取被动的守势。
影响:
由于宋代的中央集权是在消灭五代割据势力的情况下建立的。唐末五代的史实使北宋统治者吸取了深刻的教训,因此,乃“以防弊之政作立国之法”,既要依靠官僚统治人民,又怕其尾大不掉,乃运用各种手断分化事权,使其“官与职殊,名与实分”,既可用军队 * * 人民,又怕其佯变,乃制定许多细则以防之,使其“兵无常帅,帅无常师”,从而形成分权基础上的集权。
北宋中央集权的加强,在当时对解决藩镇跋扈,维护国家统一都起了重要作用,在客观上有利于社会经济的发展,也就是说,它对历史的发展有一定的进步意义。但是,防弊政策实行的结果,却是“积弱积贫”,如实行兵将分离政策,使将帅无权,指挥不灵,削弱了军队的战斗力,虽然北宋养了百余万军队,却阻挡不住辽与西夏的侵扰,从而使北宋地位日下。各级政府权力分散的结果形成了叠床架屋的官僚机构,庞大的官僚群费用巨大。“三冗”现象就成了经济上的危机。总之,北宋的中央集权在一定时期起了一定的进步的作用,后来便走向反面了。

解析: 北宋加强中央集权成效堪称卓著,中央集权空前强化。但是久之旧弊虽防,新弊又生,积重难返,出现严重的统治危机。考生应该看到这两方面的影响。

解答题
完形填空
完形填空(共20小题;每小题1分,满分20分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。
An unforgettable experience
It was a cold winter day. I rushed down the busy road towards the bus stop. Taxis passed me one after another   36  I didn’t have enough money to get one. My wallet was in my pocket but  37  I had was a five-yuan note. Taking a bus would  38  three, so I would be left with only   39   to buy something to eat. I was very hungry as I had only eaten one meal all day. Waiting at the bus stop, I  40 eagerly for a store   41 I could buy food. Then I heard an old woman’s voice  42 
behind me, “Steamed corn(蒸玉米)!Steamed corn!One yuan each!” Her voice was breaking and  43 deep despair. Staring at the old woman, I felt pity. She was  44  ,just like a beggar. But she was much older than the other beggars in the street. Her face was  45 and her eyes were full of tears. Her large withered(干枯的) fingers kept a tight hold on her basket of steamed corns. What had happened to her? Why was a woman  46  selling corns on such a cold evening? I felt sad. I had to do something. I took the five-yuan note from my wallet and handed it to her. She had said each steamed corn cost one yuan, so I could buy  47 . But if I did that, I would have nothing 48 to pay for the ticket. I wouldn’t be able to get home. Finally, I decided to give the woman two yuan for one steamed corn,   49 my pity for her. To my surprise, she refused to accept the  50 one yuan, saying she wanted to work for her money. She was already  51 to me because I was the only person to buy steamed corns from her all day.
I was   52 moved. She was so old and weak but chose to sell snacks   53  beg. From that moment, I had  54 for her, and didn’t feel pity any more. The corn was sweet and delicious. But  55 made me happier was that I helped a respectable old woman as much as I could.
36
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. or
37
A. all that
B. what all
C. all what
D. all which
38
A. spend
B. pay
C. cost
D. take
39
A. one yuan
B. two yuan
C. three yuan
D. four yuan
40
A. looked up
B. looked down
Clooked through
Dlooked around
41
A. from that
B. which
C. for which
D. from which
42
A. shouting
B. crying
C. calling
D. speaking
43
A. full with
B. filled of
C. filling with
D. filled with
44
A. in red
B. in rags
C. in colors
D. in uniform
45
A. rosy
B. bright
C. pale
D. red
46
A. of her age
B. like her age
C. at her age
D. for her age
47
A . one
B. two
C. three
D. five
48
A. leaving
B. remained
C. left
D. staying
49
A. showing
B. to show
C. shown
D. showed
50
A. total
B. extra
C. whole
D. more
51
A. grateful
B. thoughtful
C. friendly
D. kind
52
A. very
B. likely
C. deeply
D. deep
53
A. rather than
B. more than
C. less than
D. no more than
54
A. envy
B. surprise
C. respected
D. respect
55
A. that
B. which
C. all
D. what