问题 问答题

简述元朝制度建设的特点。

答案

参考答案:元朝是中国历史上一个极具鲜明特色的朝代,而它的制度建设是其统治特点的集中体现。元朝从漠北草原游牧民族脱胎而来,尽管它是一个统治重心在中原的王朝,但其国家制度的架构中,还保留有明显的草原游牧帝国的特征。
(1)大蒙古国被认为是“分封型家产制国家”。元朝建立后,国家体制基本是按照唐宋以来中原王朝的传统模式建立起来的,宗室外戚各居封地,与国家事务无关,高级官僚基本是由异姓贵族出任,元朝出现许多权臣,很少有皇室贵族干政的现象。
(2)元朝制度建设的最大特点是“蒙汉杂糅”,各种来源不同的制度构成一个混杂的体系而运作。
(3)在国家体制上,大量不适应汉地情况的蒙古旧制继续保留。游牧贵族在体制上有特权的保证,使得汉化难以深入;国家财政管理不规范,任用西域商人,采取掠夺民间财富的办法,加剧社会贫困;怯薛到元朝后成为宫廷军事贵族集团,严重干预朝政;各地设立达鲁花赤,实权大于地方官员。这些正体现了元朝作为进入汉地的中原王朝,制度整合水平低。
(4)在用人制度和原则上,汉人受到疑忌和排挤,汉人士大夫的政治作用没有很好的发挥。元朝不重视科举,对于唐宋以来在选官制度中日渐重要的科举制的发展,是一个挫折;胥吏重要性有所抬头。
(5)统治集团对汉地的典章制度比较隔膜,在具体的制度实施中,常常因误解汉地制度而产生笑话。
造成以上现象的原因,主要是蒙古在进入汉地以前对于中原文明全无接触和了解,不易接受汉地的典章制度;元朝具有蒙古世界帝国的特点,漠北草原始终在元朝的政治中占有重要的地位,草原本位政策不可能彻底放弃。

解析: 对于元朝的历史地位的评价存在分歧,有的认为是中国历史的倒退,有的认为对于中华文明的发展作出了积极的贡献,对于元朝的评价应该从它的统治特点入手,这正是出题的本意。这就要求考生在对元朝的制度有了基本的了解之后,能比较全面、准确地概括它的特点。

单项选择题 A1/A2型题
单项选择题

Ban the Band

Every year, our school has a dance for all the students. It’s a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful (1) , instead of the usual school uniform.

Most of us think the dance is great (2) even the teachers enjoy being there. (3) , two weeks ago someone said that there would be no (4) band this year— only CDs. "I don’t (5) it!" Amy cried out during the lunch break.

"Someone said the school couldn’t (6) a band, and they think it’s too noisy anyway, "added Daniel.

"Well, I don’t think it’s (7) enough without a band!" declared Angela, "and I’m going to see what can be done. "

Angela was as good as her (8) . In the afternoon she went to see the school headmaster who agreed to give the (9) some more thought. And he suggested that one (10) for having a band was to increase the price of each ticket from MYM5 to MYM10. Angela had to (11) out whether the students would like to do that."I need all of you to help me, " she (12) to our group before school the next day. "Mr. Berry gave me a list of all the names, and suggested we ask each one their (13) about the band and the extra cost. " (14) the day we asked around as Angela suggested, and wrote down people’s feelings about the band and the cost. We were amazed how much (15) there was for the band and everyone agreed to pay the extra MYMS."I’m surprised, " smiled Mr. Berry, when we gave him the (16) . "I really thought that only a few people (17) their band and that the cost would be too high. OK. Angela, your next (18) is to find a good band and line them up for the dance. "Angela was all smiles and (19) the news to Amy and Daniel. "You’re (20) , " smiled Daniel to Angela as he thought how close they came to having a less than perfect dance.

11()

A.call 

B.find 

C.carry 

D.point