问题 问答题 案例分析题

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一:国家杜马(1906—1917年)是俄国的议会式全国代表机构。二十世纪初期,由于俄国资本主义的发展,资产阶级经济和政治力量的加强,特别是1905年革命的强大压力,迫使沙皇召开立法性国家杜马。沙皇政府企图借助国家杜马,拉拢资产阶级,扩大统治基础,消弭革命。以下是沙皇政府有关国家杜马法令的摘录:

1906年沙皇颁布的《国家杜马章程}规定:“杜马的代表由帝国居民选举产生,拥有立法权、财政预算审批权、质询权”。但同时又规定“皇帝有权在杜马任期结束前将其解散(实际上沙皇多次使用这项权力解散杜马)”,“杜马通过的决议若皇帝不予批准,则本次年会期间不得再次提交立法审议”。在颁布《国家杜马章程》同时,沙皇还颁布了《国务会议章程》,规定由沙皇任命贵族地主居多数的国务会议拥有与杜马同等的立法权,国务会议实际上成为议会上院。

1906年沙皇政府又颁布了《国家杜马选举法》。该法标榜“帝国居民不分阶级、财产、出身,均享有选举权”。同时又规定:土地所有者(贵族地主)每2千人产生一名议员候选人,而企业主(资产阶级)、农民、工人则分别由7千人、3万人、9万人中产生一名议员候选人,即土地所有者的一票相当于企业主的3票,农民的15票,工人的45票。

材料二:二战后,法兰西第四共和国成立。在制宪时期,戴高乐主张权力制衡,构建一种全新的共和政体——设立拥有实权的总统、加强内阁职权。但不为传统党派人士所采纳,新宪法对立法和行 * * 地位的调整朝着与戴高乐意愿相反的方向发展。……在中央各机构的设置中,国民议会被提到前所未有的高度,政府沦为其附属物,总统的权力更是被进一步架空。由于政党多元零散的状况没有得到改变,加上立法选举采取比例代表制的原因,议会内部党派结构较之前更为复杂。因此,形成稳定多数派的难度也加大了,行政机构的更迭更加频繁,政策也更加软弱无力。目睹多党机制再度过度运作,戴高乐黯然离开政坛。第四共和国宪法确立的政体仅运行了12年。1958年,在面对阿尔及利亚危机时此政体依旧没能克服其行政软弱,议会涣散的弊端。依赖强者的政治传统再次发挥作用,戴高乐在危急关头被推举为 * * ,并由国会赋予其制宪权。新宪法确立了倚重行政的机构设置,戴高乐在阔别政坛12年后终得依照自己的意愿重构共和政体。第五共和国宪法确立了拥有相当实权的总统、脱离议会产生的内阁及被规范化的议会。此外,戴高乐还变更了选举制度。法国依靠新宪法确立的政治体制,顺利解决了阿尔及利亚问题,克服了议会内部党派繁多涣散的弊病,行政机构的稳定和高效也得以彰显。

——孙荣锋:《1958宪政改革对当代法国政治的影响》

根据材料一分析国家杜马在当时俄国政治生活中的地位及成立国家杜马对当时俄国阶级关系产生的重大影响。(13分)

答案

参考答案:

地位:国家杜马形式上拥有立法权,具有一定的民主性,一定程度上冲击了沙皇专制统治;但国家杜马的立法权受到很大限制,没有从根本上改变沙皇专制制度。(6分)

影响:维护了贵族地主的特权,受到贵族地主的拥护;(2分)在一定程度上提高了资产阶级的政治地位,缓和了资产阶级的不满,其不平等性又无法消除资产阶级与政府的矛盾;(3分)歧视工农必然进一步激化沙皇政府与工农的矛盾。(2分)

解析:由材料中的“杜马的代表由帝国居民选举产生,拥有立法权”、“皇帝有权在杜马任期结束前将其解散”、“杜马通过的决议若皇帝不予批准,则本次年会期间不得再次提交立法审议”等信息可以得出答案。根据《国家杜马选举法》中有关“土地所有者(贵族地主)”、“企业主(资产阶级)”和“农民、工人”的不同规定分别进行分析,不难得出对当时俄国阶级关系的影响。

填空题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     We are so used to having a cup of tea before heading off to work, during work or after getting back

from work. Tea breaks are more like a custom that takes place regularly several times a day. This tea break

tradition has been happening during the past 200 years or so. Tea just happens to be a wonderful drink for

most of us. The day simply feels incomplete without a hot cup of tea. However, is tea good for you?

     In 2006, the papers were flooded with the news of research showing that drinking 2-3 cups of tea a day

is as beneficial as drinking water, with even some additional health benefits. Another report published in

November 2009, stated that drinking up to eight cups of tea a day is good for you. The research conducted

by nutrition expert Dr. Carrie Ruxton, debunked (揭示…的真相) the popular stories about caffeinated (含咖

啡因的) drinks like tea, coffee and cocoa. According to Dr. Ruxton, the caffeine present in tea tends to lower

the risk of heart attacks and strokes. She says that drinking 8 cups of tea a day gives the drinkers "the best

levels of health-giving substances" present in tea and other caffeinated drinks.

     Contrary to popular belief that tea does not contain more caffeine than coffee, it actually contains almost

half the amount. Caffeine is a natural thing found in many types of food and drink. It's also something that

can give you a much needed lift for a demanding and tiring afternoon ahead. Research shows that proper

amounts of caffeine are safe for most people.

     So why not take full advantage of your tea breaks at work, or make time for afternoon tea while out

shopping at the weekend? And remember that tea is not just a great drink, but it helps to keep you looking and

feeling healthy.

1. What is mainly talked about in the first paragraph? [ ]

A. The types of tea.

B. The tea custom.

C. How to drink tea.

D. When to drink tea.

2. Reports in the newspapers show that ____. [ ]

A. drinking tea is a healthy habit

B. new ways of drinking tea appear

C. drinking tea is harmful to health

D. people don't like to drink tea any more

3. Caffeine in tea ____.[ ]

A. can make you energetic

B. gives you a good rest

C. may cause heart attacks

D. is more than that in coffee

4. What would be the best title for the passage? [ ]

A. Tea and disease

B. Tea-a healthy drink

C. Tea, coffee and cocoa

D. Drink tea or coffee