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拥有6.8万名职工的丰田汽车公司于1989年进行了一次纽织结构方面的重大变动,废除了处、科体制,而实行了以重视工作能力、以工作成绩为中心的工作小组制,把企业建成具有“客户至上”形象的组织。原技术、事务部门的部、处、科等分字塔式的纵向组织结构,经过改革,成为没有层次的扁平的组织,即工作室制。具体做法是把原有部门中的2~3个处合并建成工作室,而各工作室之间根据各个时期的任务不同,临时建立各种相应的工作小组。这样做的目的有两个: (1)使得部长或室长一个人就能够解决室内的事务,加快了领导决策的速度; (2)从部长到组员都是室内普通一员,小组的领导是根据任务的不同而随时换人的。也就是说,原来的部长、处长、科长的各种工作,根据不同的情况而临时选人担任。这样在公司的实际工作中,就取消了各种等级职务。在代表公司对外接触方面,由于要考虑到资格、待遇等因素,因此在新组成的工作小组中全都是一般的组员,而在对外处理问题时还可保留原来的头衔。通过这种灵活的组织结构,实现了繁重工作所需求的高效率,取得了理想的效果。 请回答下列问题: (1)原有的组织结构存在着哪些问题 (2)制约组织结构的因素是什么本案例采取了什么样的调整政策

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解析:(1)原有的组织结构存在的问题主要有: ①分工不合理,职位系统不清晰而造成上下左右职责关系的不明确; ②信息系统不流畅,沟通不良; ③决策周期长,行动迟缓,效率低下; ④机构臃肿,人浮于事; ⑤本位主义严重,部门之间协调困难。 (2)制约组织结构的因素包括:企业环境、企业规模、企业战略目标和信息沟通等。本案例采取的是局部调整策略。具体表现在: ①废除了处、科体制,原技术、事务部门的部、处、科等金字塔式的纵向组织结构,经过改革,成为没有层次的扁平的组织,减少了信息传递的层次,有利于信息及时传递,缩短决策周期。 ②把原有部门中的2~3个处合并建成工作室,而各工作室之间根据各个时期的任务不同,临时建立各种相应的工作小组。精简组织机构,这样有利于组织协调。

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Happy Customers: Matter of Honor among Japanese


In an age when personal service as a significant aspect of merchandising is dying out in the Untied States, Japan clings tenaciously to it. Service is viewed by people in Japan not as a luxury, but as an essential ingredient for the success of individual companies and the Japanese economy as a whole.
Americans who move to Japan never get used to the range of services and courtesies taken for granted here. (1)
Supermarket check-out counters have two or three people ringing up and bagging groceries. Some stores deliver, with each bag arriving neatly stapled closed. (2)
Television shops normally send a technician to install and fine-tune a newly purchased set. (3) Car salespeople are known to bring new models around to customers’ homes for test drives and loaners are available for people whose cars are in for repairs.
There are no limits to what is home-delivered — video movies, dry cleaning, health foods, rented tailcoats (this last one requires tow visits from the sales staff, first for a fitting, second for delivery of the altered and freshly pressed garment). (4)
Japanese barbers often give back massages as part of an ordinary haircut. (5)
Department stores seem to have twice, if not three times the floor staff of American ones. (6) Upscale customers don’t have to come in at all — the goods are taken to their homes for display and selection.
Perhaps the darkest spot on personal service in Japan is how remarkably impersonal it can be. Everyone is treated exactly alike. (7) After a month’s stay in a hotel, guests may find the staff still has no idea who they are.
Still, the Japanese view service as the glue that holds commercial relationships together. If the correct personal contact and follow-up come with the first sale, a second is sure to come. Market share and loyal customers are the first goal, not short-term profit. (8)
A. The technician will rush back if anything goes wrong.
B. If they remove a customer’s eyeglasses, they may polish the lenses before returning them.
C. Employee’s cheery greetings and directions, in fact, are often memorized from a company manual.
D. Many stores wrap everything they sell.
E. Service may cost but it helps ensure these more important objectives.
F. Dry ice is inserted alongside the frozen foods to ensure that they don’t spoil on the way.
G. Office deliveries are common, too, especially of lunch.
H. To those old enough to remember how things used to be at home, life can bring on twinges of nostalgia.