问题 问答题 案例分析题

阅读下列材料:

材料一

西方国家实行的代议制度,是一种间接民主的形式,其核心是经选举产生的代表组成的议会,它形式上代表民意行使国家权力。由于各国的政体不同,议会在国家 * * 组织体系中的地位和作用也有所不同。

材料二

议会一般分为一院制和两院制。有些国家实行两院制。上院,即参议院,有的是贵族院、联邦院,产生的方式不同。英国上院议员在1999年改革前根本不经过选举,均由贵族担任。美国参议院由各州选举两名代表组成,法国的参议员由省、市议会的议员组成的选举团选举产生。下院,又称众议院、平民院、国民议会等,通常由选举的代表组成。当代西方,联邦制国家一般都实行两院制。

材料三

西方议会拥有立法权、通过国家预算权和监督权等权力。议会决议事项如法案或其他议案,均由议员共同讨论并经多数通过。由于议员的职责是具体行使议会的职权,这就要求议员必须具备相应的立法知识和能力,具有参政议政的素质和经验。过去有些西方国家在议会至上的思想支配下,赋予议会很大权力,英国曾有“议会万能”之说,认为议会“除了不能把女人变成男人和把男人变女人外,在法律上什么都能做到”。

请回答:

与美国相比,如何认识材料三中英国的“议会万能之说”?

答案

参考答案:

地位:美国三权分立,英国议会居于权力的中心;产生和关系:英国内阁由议会大选产生,对议会负责;美国总统不由国会产生,不对国会负责(两者之间是制约和平衡的关系);英国议会可以用不信任案使内阁倒台,美国国会没有这种权力。

解析:本题实际上考查的是美国民主政治制度与英国议会的不同。即地位:美国三权分立,英国议会居于权力的中心;产生和关系:英国内阁由议会大选产生,对议会负责;美国总统不由国会产生,不对国会负责(两者之间是制约和平衡的关系);英国议会可以用不信任案使内阁倒台,美国国会没有这种权力。

单项选择题
填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.