问题 问答题 论述题

阐述人本位的价值取向和社会本位的价值取向的观点主张,并予以分析评价。

答案

参考答案:

(1)人本位的价值取向,即把人的价值看成高于社会价值,把人作为教育目的根本所在的思想主张。其特点是:重视人的价值、个性发展及其需要,把人的个性发展及需要的满足视为教育的价值所在;认为教育目的的根本在于使人的本性、本能得到自然发展,使其需要得到满足;主张应根据人的本性发展和自身完善这种“天然的需要”来选择、确立教育目的,按照人的本性和发展的需要来规定教育目的。人本位的价值取向主要反映在自然主义和人文主义的教育思想之中,其主要代表人物是法国的卢梭、瑞士的裴斯泰洛齐、德国的康德、美国的马斯洛、法国的萨特等。

在不同的历史发展时期,各种人本位的价值取向背景和针对性有所不同。在对待人与社会的关系上,人本位的价值取向在其态度上,具有对立与非对立之分,具有激进和非激进之别。人本位的价值取向把人视为教育目的的根本,它在历史发展中的每一变化,都具有不同程度的变革性,或面对社会,或面对教育自身。在人类历史的进程中不乏进步意义,特别是在文艺复兴以后的历史条件下,它高扬人的个性自由解放的旗帜,对于打破宗教神学和封建专制对人的束缚、促进人的解放、使教育回归到人间,起了重大的历史奠基作用。在人的自由和个性解放、提升人的价值和地位等方面具有深远的历史意义。但是,人本位的价值取向在社会发展中带有明显的片面性。

(2)社会本位的价值取向把满足社会需要视为教育的根本价值。这种观点认为,社会是人们赖以生存发展的基础,教育是培养人的社会活动,教育培养的效果只能以其社会功能的好坏来加以衡量,离开社会需要,教育就不能满足社会的需求。因此主张教育目的不应从人本身出发,而应从社会需要出发,根据社会需要来确定。其主要代表人物有德国的纳托普、凯兴斯泰纳,法国的孔德、涂尔干等。社会本位的价值取向重视教育的社会价值,强调教育目的从社会出发,满足社会的需要,具有一定的合理性。但它过分强调人对社会的依赖,把教育的社会目的绝对化、唯一化,甚至认为“个人不可能成为教育的目的”。这种极端的主张,完全割裂了人与社会的关系,极易导致教育对人的培养只见社会不见人,单纯把人当作社会工具,而不是把人作为社会主体来培养,造成对人本性发展的严重束缚和压抑。

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  Microwaves may be great at warming up food, but what about warming people?

Using microwaves to directly heat owners of a room would save much of the energy wasted by heating walls and furniture. And despite popular ideas about microwaves, this technique would be safe, according to Charles R. Buffler of the Microwave Research Center in Marlborough, New Hampshire. Low-power microwaves only penetrate (贯穿) the skin (low-power microwave penetration in a ham is about 0.2 inches, for example) and with no negative effects.

To test this idea, Buffler subjected himself to microwaves in a special room using a standard 500-watt, 2459 MHz magnetron (磁控管). He found that a person will start to feel warmth at about 20 milliwatts per square centimeter (mw. /sq.cm.); a satisfactory feeling of warmth occurs between 35 and 50 mw./sq.cm. By comparison, a person standing in noonday summer sun feels the amount of 85 mw./sq.cm. And a frozen meat pie in your microwave oven receives about 1000 mw./sq. cm.

In houses of the future, each room could be provided with its own magnetron, says Buffler. When you stepped into the living room, for example, a motion detector would turn on the magnetron, filling the room with low-power microwaves. In the same way that a microwaves oven heats up a hamburger, but not the plate it’s on, you would feel warmth from the microwaves without changing the temperature of your coffee table. (You could, however, make your favorite easy chair even more comfortable by treating it with a radiation-absorbing chemical.)

While it might be some time before homeowners are comfortable enough with the idea to set up whole body microwave heaters in houses, Buffler says microwaves may attract livestock farmers. Lambs that are born outdoors in winter, for example, are frequently lost to cold. Microwaves could warm the lambs safely and quickly.

小题1: Which of the following can tell the main idea of the passage?

A.A new heating system.

B.A new microwave oven.

C.A popular technique.

D.The magnetron.小题2: The test conducted by Buffler shows that when a person feels comfortable warmth, he receives about ____.

A.20 mw. / sq. cm.

B.40 mw. / sq. cm.

C.60 mw. / sq. cm.

D.85 mw. / sq. cm.小题3: According to paragraph 4, which of the following fills the room with low-power microwaves?

A.The magnetron.

B.The motion detector.

C.The microwave oven.

D.The radiation-absorbing chemical.小题4: Which of the following statements about microwave heaters would Buffler most probably agree with?

A.Microwave heaters will soon be widely used by homeowners.

B.Microwave heaters sometimes make people feel uncomfortable.

C.Microwave heaters will be probably first used by livestock farmers to protect their lambs in winter.

D.Microwave heaters cannot be accepted by the public because they are somewhat unsafe.