问题 问答题 案例分析题

有人说;“妥协是政治的灵魂。”许多国家的民主进程中都体现了妥协的存在。阅读材料,完成下列问题。

材料一:阿克顿说,“妥协是政治的灵魂,如果不是其全部的话”。达尔也说:“民主依赖妥协”。

材料二:法国之所以要用暴力革命来克服专制王权,原因就在于法国专制主义过于强大,王权与贵族坚决捍卫旧制度,不愿做出任何妥协,对立双方只好兵戎相见。然而,大革命并没有解决根本问题,此后近百年中,法国一直处于革命与复辟的轮回中,社会持续动荡,经济发展速度受到影响,工业化进程缓慢。直到1870年后,法国模式突然发生转折,由对抗转为妥协。此后没再发生大规模的革命,法国人开始用协商手段逐步建立起民主制度。

一一钱乘旦《各国现代化模式的比较》

材料三:美国宪法是美国建国初期多元利益集团谈判和妥协的结果;宪法所创立的也是一个利益谈判和妥协的政治机制;在美国两百多年的历史上,不同的利益集团(群体)因应不断变化的历史环境,利用依宪法衍生的宪政机制,就各自的利益和联邦的“公共”利益的定义和定位,相互进行一种连续不停的谈判和妥协;谈判和妥协使旧的宪法原则和实践得以修正,使新的宪法原则和实践得以产生,宪法的生命力不断得到更新,表现出一种“超稳定性”,成为一部“活着的宪法”。

——王希《原则与妥协》

材料四:传统的主流历史叙事否认这场“大妥协“具有任何积极意义,认为它恰恰体现了革命的不彻底性:大批旧官僚和立宪派“投机”革命,“篡夺”了革命果实;“大妥协”中优待清朝逊帝的做法,也为民国时的君主复辟埋下了伏笔。但近年以来,已有一些研究论文试图对这场“大妥协”作出不同的评价。如喻大华的《新论——兼探溥仪潜往东北的一个原因》指出,对袁世凯的妥协是孙中山的战略和策略。一个维系了二千多年的封建君主专制,要废于一旦,必须具备多种条件,绝非单凭武力能够解决,《清室优待条件》并非由袁世凯一方炮制,而是由南方首先提出,南北双方经过协商达成一致意见。

——章永乐《论清王朝与中华民国的“大妥协”》

依据材料一结合所学知识分析英国如何采用妥协的方式完成政治变革的?此后,又是怎样用妥协的方式推进民主化进程的?

答案

参考答案:

1688年光荣革命,没有流血宫廷 * * ;1689年《权利法案》颁布,确立了君主立宪制,限制君主权力;18世纪中叶形成责任内阁制,国王统而不治

解析:“妥协是政治的灵魂,如果不是其全部的话”。 “民主依赖妥协”。 英国“光荣革命”取得胜利,是资产阶级和新贵族、封建势力妥协的结果,1689年《权利法案》以法律的形式,巩固了革命的成果,确立了君主立宪制,从而实现了政治的变革 。责任内阁制,是国王和议会的又一次妥协,国家的行 * * 利由国王转移到了内阁,进一步推进了英国 的民主进程。

阅读理解

A senior official in charge of Internet security has claimed that the country has become the world' s biggest victim of cyber-attacks.

In an interview with Xinhua over the weekend, Zhou Yonglin, deputy chief of the operations department of China National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team ( CNCERT), also dismissed Google' s complaints that hackers traced to China had attacked its servers.

Google has not yet given CNCERT any report on the company' s complaints about the attacks, according to Zhou. "We have been hoping that Google will contact us so that we could have details on this issue and provide them help if necessary.”

Foreign firms such as eBay have turned to CNCERT for cyber security issues in the past year. Last year, the Internet security watchdog received 21,618 complaints from foreign companies, of which 1,095 cases were solved after combining similar cases. These cases included the trojan and phishing attacks (钓鱼攻击) against eBay /Paypal, JPMorgan Chase & Co and MarkMonitor Inc.

China has also sought other countries' help to clear web pages with malicious content. In November 2009, CNCERT reported to its US counterpart, the US-CERT, about two US-registered domain (域) names that were planting trojans on hundreds of Chinese websites. The domain names were shut down within two days of CNCERT’s requests.

With the number of Chinese netizens soaring but their Internet security awareness lagging, hackers have made China their primary target, Zhou said. He accused overseas hackers, especially those in the US, of illegally controlling computers in China by implanting malicious programs including trojans and zombie programs.

Compared with Interact security issues in the US, Japan and the Republic of Korea, it is very serious in China. Last year, 262,000 IP addresses in China were hit by trojans planted by nearly 165,000 overseas IP addresses. Those from the US ranked first, accounting for 16.61 percent.

60. What is the best title of the passage?

A. Google attacked by unknown hackers.                  

B. US legally responsible for Internet Security

C. Malicious Programs, an International Problem

D. China, the world' s biggest victim of cyber-attacks

61. Who does the underlined "a senior official" refer to?

A. An interviewer from Xinhua News Agency.

B. Deputy Chief of operation department of CNCERT.

C. A high official from Google Company.                 

D. A representative from foreign firms.

62. The author mentions eBay as an example of ________.

A. complaining for the cyber attacks                         B. seeking other countries for assistance

C. turning to CNCERT for cyber security                   D. taking USA as a counterpart

63. What does the writer intend to tell the readers in Paragraph 5?

A. The global cyber-attacks are mainly from the US.

B. International cooperation quickens steps to settle cyber issues.

C. The two US-registered domains are the counterparts of US-CERT.

D. CNCERT shut down the two US domain names within two days.

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