问题 问答题 简答题

简述内伤发热

答案

参考答案:

内伤发热是指以内伤为病因,脏腑功能失调,气、血、阴、阳失衡为基本病机,以发热为主要临床表现的病证。

【病因病机】

1.病因

(1)久病体虚:由于久病或原本体虚,失于调理,以致机体的气、血、阴、阳亏虚,阴阳失衡而引起发热。若中气不足,阴火内生,可引起气虚发热;久病心肝血虚,或脾虚不能生血,或长期慢性失血,以致血虚阴伤,无以敛阳,导致血虚发热;素体阴虚,或热病日久,耗伤阴液,或治病过程中误用、过用温燥药物,导致阴精亏虚,阴衰则阳盛,水不制火,而导致阴虚发热。寒证日久,或久病气虚,气损及阳,脾肾阳气亏虚,虚阳外浮,导致阳虚发热。

(2)饮食劳倦:由于饮食失调,劳倦过度,使脾胃受损,水谷精气不充,以致中气不足,阴火内生,或脾虚不能化生阴血,而引起发热。若脾胃受损,运化失职,以致痰湿内生,郁而化热,进而引起湿郁发热。

(3)情志失调:情志抑郁,肝气不能条达,气郁化火,或恼怒过度,肝火内盛,导致气郁发热。情志失调亦是导致瘀血发热的原因之一。每在气机郁滞的基础上,日久不愈,则使血行瘀滞而导致血瘀发热。

(4)外伤出血:外伤以及出血等原因导致发热主要有两个方面:一是外伤以及出血使血循不畅,瘀血阻滞经络,气血壅遏不通,因而引起瘀血发热。二是外伤以及血证时出血过多,或长期慢性失血,以致阴血不足,无以敛阳而引起血虚发热。

2.病机上述病因引起内伤发热的病机,大体可归纳为虚、实两类。由气郁化火、瘀血阻滞及痰湿停聚所致者属实,其基本病机为气、血、湿等郁结,壅遏化热而引起发热.由中气不足、血虚失养、阴精亏虚及阳气虚衰所致者属虚。其基本病机是气、血、阴、阳亏虚,或因阴血不足,阴不配阳,水不济火,阳气亢盛而发热,或因阳气虚衰,阴火内生,阳气外浮而发热。总属脏腑功能失调,阴阳失衡所导致。

本病病机比较复杂,可由一种也可由多种病因同时引起发热,如气郁血瘀、气阴两虚、气血两虚等。久病往往由实转虚,由轻转重,其中以瘀血病久,损及气、血、阴、阳,分别兼见气虚、血虚、阴虚或阳虚,而成为虚实兼夹之证的情况较为多见。其他如气郁发热日久伤阴,则转化为气郁阴虚之发热;气虚发热日久,病损及阳,阳气虚衰,则发展为阳虚发热。

【诊断要点】

1.内伤发热起病缓慢,病程较长,多为低热,或自觉发热,而体温并不升高,表现为高热者较少。不恶寒,或虽有怯冷,但得衣被则温。常兼见头晕、神疲、自汗、盗汗、脉弱等症。

2.一般有气、血、阴、阳亏虚或气郁、血瘀、湿阻的病史,或有反复发热史。

3.无感受外邪所致的头身疼痛、鼻塞、流涕、脉浮等症。

【类证鉴别】

内伤发热与外感发热:内伤发热的诊断要点已如上述,而外感发热表现的特点是:因感受外邪而起,起病较急,病程较短,发热初期大多伴有恶寒,其恶寒得衣被而不减。发热的热度大多较高,发热的类型随病种的不同而有所差异。初起常兼有头身疼痛、鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽、脉浮等表证。外感发热由感受外邪,正邪相争所致,属实证者居多。

【辨证论治】

1.阴虚发热证

主症:午后潮热,或夜间发热,不欲近衣,手足心热,烦躁,少寐多梦,盗汗,口干咽燥,舌质红,或有裂纹,苔少甚至无苔,脉细数。

病机概要:阴虚阳盛,虚火内炽。

治法:滋阴清热。

代表方剂:清骨散加减。

常用药物:银柴胡、知母、胡黄连、地骨皮、青蒿、秦艽、鳖甲等。

2.血虚发热证

主症:发热,热势多为低热,头晕眼花,身倦乏力,心悸不宁,面白少华,唇甲色淡,舌质淡,脉细弱。

病机概要:血虚失养,阴不配阳。

治法:益气养血。

代表方剂:归脾汤加减。

常用药物:黄芪、党参、茯苓、白术、甘草、当归、龙眼肉、酸枣仁、远志、木香等。

3.气虚发热证

主症:发热,热势或低或高,常在劳累后发作或加剧,倦怠乏力,气短懒言,自汗,易于感冒,食少便溏,舌质淡,苔白薄,脉细弱。

病机概要:中气不足,阴火内生。

治法:益气健脾,甘温除热。

代表方剂:补中益气汤加减。

常用药物:黄芪、党参、白术、甘草、当归、陈皮、升麻、柴胡等。

4.阳虚发热证

主症:发热而欲近衣,形寒怯冷,四肢不温,少气懒言,头晕嗜卧,腰膝酸软,纳少便溏,面色白,舌质淡胖,或有齿痕,苔白润,脉沉细无力。

病机概要:肾阳亏虚,火不归原。

治法:温补阳气,引火归原。

代表方剂:金匮肾气丸加减。

常用药物:附子、桂枝、山茱萸、地黄、山药、茯苓、丹皮、泽泻等。

5.气郁发热证

主症:发热多为低热或潮热,热势常随情绪波动而起伏,精神抑郁,胁肋胀满,烦躁易怒,口干而苦,纳食减少,舌红,苔黄,脉弦数。

病机概要:气郁日久,化火生热。

治法:疏肝理气,解郁泻热。

代表方剂:丹栀逍遥散加减。

常用药物:丹皮、栀子、柴胡、薄荷、当归、白芍、白术、茯苓、甘草等。

6.痰湿郁热证

主症:低热,午后热甚,心内烦热,胸闷脘痞,不思饮食,渴不欲饮,呕恶,大便稀薄或黏滞不爽,舌苔白腻或黄腻,脉濡数。

病机概要:痰湿内蕴,壅遏化热。

治法:燥湿化痰,清热和中。

代表方剂:黄连温胆汤合中和汤加减。

常用药物:半夏、厚朴、枳实、陈皮、茯苓、通草、竹叶、黄连等。

7.血瘀发热证

主症:午后或夜晚发热,或自觉身体某些部位发热,口燥咽干,但不多饮,肢体或躯干有固定痛处或肿块,面色萎黄或晦暗,舌质青紫或有瘀点、瘀斑,脉弦或涩。

病机概要:血行瘀滞,瘀热内生。

治法:活血化瘀。

代表方剂:血府逐瘀汤加减。

常用药物:当归、川芎、赤芍、地黄、桃仁、红花、牛膝、柴胡、枳壳、桔梗等。

【预防与调护】

1.恰当的调摄护理对促进内伤发热的好转、治愈具有积极意义。内伤发热患者应注意休息,发热体温高者应卧床。部分长期低热的患者,在体力许可的情况下,可作适当户外活动。

2.要保持乐观情绪,饮食宜进清淡、富于营养而又易于消化之品。由于内伤发热的患者常卫表不固而有自汗、盗汗,故应注意保暖、避风,防止感受外邪。

阅读理解

阅读短文,从各小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

      Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised (答应) her

mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever

since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little. 

     "If there were an accident." He says, "they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast."

     But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However,"she says, "it doesn't cost much when you just think

that it's the other side of the world .It's only six pence per second (每秒六便士)".

     If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat, David says, "And one minute's nearly four

pounds (英磅)." 

     "That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," Linda answers.

     She has asked the man at the hotel (旅馆) desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.

     "Hello, Mum. It that you?" She says.

     "Six pence per second," David reminds (提醒) her.

     "Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you

are in the next room. It's a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted

at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."

     "Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I Just wanted to ring to…" 

     "I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then

when you…" Mrs . Lee is a great talker.

     "Nearly four pounds." says David.

     "Yes, all right," says Mrs. Lee, "But you will write, won't you, as you did when you were at work…"

     Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass, and there is no stopping her.

     Four pounds fifty, says David.

     At last , Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.

     "There ! That wasn't long, was it?"

     "Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we've arrived."

1. Linda is telephoning home to ________. [ ]

A. tell her mother some bad news

B. say that she and David have arrived safely

C. report an accident to her mother

2. Linda does not think it expensive to ring, because ________. [ ]

A. it only costs four pounds and ninety pence

B. it is even more expensive to buy a new hat

C. she will speak from one side of the world to the other

3. David says, "Nearly four pounds", because ________. [ ]

A. he wants to remind Linda of the cost of the call

B. he wants to buy himself a new hat

C. Linda has not told her mother they have arrived

4. Mrs . Lee goes on talking for so long because ________. [ ]

A. she likes to hear all about the past

B. she likes talking

C. Linda had not told her that she has arrived

5. Lina tries to stop her mother by ________. [ ]

A. telling her how much the call is costing

B. writing a letter as she has promised to do

C. promising to write, and ringing off

选择题