美国历史学家J.布卢姆说：1787年“在费城所起草的宪法是实验时期最伟大的创造性的胜利。……战后人们最初反对君主制和贵族政治的思想，引导美国人建立了一些行政首脑软弱无力，上院不起什么作用的州政府；新的宪法则建议有一个权力很大的行政首脑和同众议院权力相当的参议院。……全世界都说过，像美国规模这么大的国家，要建立共和制度是不可能的。……但是这里居然兴起了一个新型的共和国，一个虽然疆域和人口扩大10倍，但依旧对人民负责的政府，一个其人民不是作为互相对垒的公民，而是作为一个国家的平等公民联合起来的联邦”。
——《美国的历史》上册
依据1787年宪法所建立的“新型的共和国”是如何解决上述弊端，同时又避免专制政体的？
参考答案：
组建了联邦制国家，确定了中央集权的原则；中央政府与州政府实行分权；确立了三权分立的分权制衡原则和相应的民主原则。
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Knowledge is free on the Internet at a small but __小题1:___ number of colleges and universities. About 160 schools around the world now put free course materials on the web to the ___小题2:___. Recent additions in the United States ___小题3:___ projects at Yale, Johns Hopkins and the University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley said it would offer videos of lectures on YouTube. Free videos from other schools are ___小题4:___ at the Apple iTunes store. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) became an early ___小题5:___with its Open Course Ware project, first ___小题6:___ in 2001. Free lecture notes, exams and other resources are published at ocw.mit.edu. Many exams even include the answers. Today, Open Course Ware offers materials from 1,800 undergraduate and graduate courses. These ___小题7:___ from physics to political science. Visitors can learn the same things that M.I.T. students learn. But as the site points out, Open Course Ware is not a M.I.T. education. Visitors receive no credit toward a degree. Some materials from a course may not be available, and the site does not provide ___小题8:___ with teachers. Still, M.I.T. says that the site has had forty million visits by thirty-one million visitors from almost every country. Sixty percent of the visitors are from outside the United States and Canada. Students and educators use the site, including students at M.I.T. But the largest number of visitors, about half, are self-learners. Some professors have become well-known around the world as a result of appearing online. Walter Lewin, a physics professor at M.I.T., is ___小题9:___ popular. Fans enjoy his entertaining lectures. M.I.T. Open Course Ware now includes materials for high school. The aim is to improve education in science, technology, maths and engineering. |