问题 多项选择题 案例分析题

男性,70岁,以"反复咳嗽、咳痰20年,气短、下肢水肿10年,加重2周,神志不清1天"为主诉入院。每年冬季发作,咳白色黏痰,近2周上述症状加重,咳黄痰,出现明显呼吸困难,不能平卧。1天前因头痛、烦躁、夜间不能睡觉,家属给予地西泮2片,服后即入睡不醒。既往史:吸烟30年,20支/日。

为了明确诊断,该患者应立即做下列哪些检查()

A.血常规

B.肺增强CT

C.动脉血气分析

D.X线胸片

E.支气管舒张试验

F.肺功能

G.心电图

H.纤维支气管镜检查

I.支气管激发试验

答案

参考答案:A, C, D, G

解析:

1.根据临床表现初步诊断为COPD,肺心病,COPD病情加重的最常见原因是气管-支气管感染,由于感染,呼吸道分泌物增多,加重气道阻塞,进一步造成缺氧和二氧化碳潴留,使病情加重。在呼吸不畅的情况下,又给患者服用镇静催眠药,使呼吸中枢受到抑制,进一步加重缺氧和二氧化碳潴留。2.该患者在体格检查时主要出现肺基础疾病(COPD),呼吸衰竭,右心功能不全的体征。叩诊肺部呈实音,语颤增强,闻及支气管呼吸音多见于肺组织实变,如大叶性肺炎等。胸膜摩擦感及摩擦音多见于胸膜炎患者。3.查血常规明确感染程度,行X线胸片明确肺基础疾病及肺动脉高压征,做心电图检查确定是否存右心室肥大,为进一步确诊肺性脑病及酸碱紊乱,需做动脉血气分析。4.肺心病加重期治疗原则:积极控制感染,保持呼吸道畅通,纠正缺氧和二氧化碳潴留,控制呼吸和心力衰竭。合理的氧疗:神志清醒的可鼻导管或面罩吸氧,主张低流量、低浓度、持续给氧,若昏迷或分泌物堵塞需气管插管或切开,机械通气。当pH值小于7.2时,可考虑补充小剂量碱性药物。5.患者呼吸停止,应首先开放气道,机械通气。6.该患者考虑并发气胸,最恰当的措施是胸腔闭式引流,引出气体,减轻胸腔压力。

写作题
单项选择题

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that younga-duhs experience. And they also need to give serious (91) to how they can best (92) such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (93) , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (94) they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (95) that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (96) by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be (97) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (98) , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (99) student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (100) opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (101) dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (102) of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (103) visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have (104) attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized (105) participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (106) else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (107) This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (108) , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (109) for roles that are within their (110) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.

A.On the contrary

B.On the average

C.On the whole

D.On the other hand