问题 问答题 案例分析题

病历摘要:患者,女性,24岁,学生,主因"牙龈出血、月经量增多2个月,加重5天"来诊。患者2个月前晨起刷牙时发现牙龈出血,月经来潮时月经量增多、经期延长,未予特殊注意。1周前患者发热、咽痛,口服"感冒冲剂"后好转。5天前患者牙龈出血量及月经量较前明显加重,伴鼻衄及双下肢散在出血点。起病以来患者无面色苍白、皮疹及关节痛,体力活动正常,大、小便正常。既往:体健,月经规律。查体:T36.5℃,P80次/分,R20次/分,BP120/70mmHg;无贫血貌、黄疸,口腔黏膜可见血疱,双下肢可见针尖大小出血点,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,甲状腺未触及,心、肺、腹部查体未见异常,肝脾肋下未触及,双下肢不肿。实验室检查:血常规:WBC4.8×109/L,N75%,Hb125g/L,PLT14×109/L。

答案

参考答案:

1.诊断及诊断依据(8分)

(1)诊断:(4分)

①血小板减少原因待查;

②特发性血小板减少性紫癜?

(2)诊断依据为:(4分)

①青年女性,病程2个月,起病隐匿。

②牙龈出血、月经增多2个月,发热、咽痛后出现多部位皮肤黏膜出血,月经增多较前加重。

③既往无长期慢性出血的病史。

④查体口腔黏膜可见血疱,双下肢可见针尖大小出血点。

⑤辅助检查血小板明显降低,14×109/L,白细胞及红细胞计数正常。

2.鉴别诊断(6分)

(1)骨髓造血异常导致的血小板降低:如白血病、再生障碍性贫血等疾病,多有贫血、出血、感染表现,常伴有血白细胞及血红蛋白异常,骨髓检查可鉴别。

(2)继发性免疫性血小板减少:青年女性患者需警惕自身免疫性疾病、抗磷脂抗体综合征、甲状腺疾病以及淋巴瘤,上述疾病常常伴有多系统症状。

(3)脾功能亢进:通常有慢性肝病病史,临床有脾大的体征,早期表现为血小板计数轻度下降,晚期可有白细胞及血红蛋白降低。

3.进一步检查(4分)

(1)监测血常规变化,进行血涂片检查。

(2)骨髓涂片及骨髓活检。

(3)凝血检查。

(4)血小板相关抗体。

(5)肝肾功能、甲功、自身抗体谱、抗磷脂抗体及肝炎病毒血清学检查。

(6)胸、腹、盆部影像学检查。

4.治疗原则(4分)

(1)警惕危及生命的大出血发生:减少患者活动,监测血小板数量,必要时紧急输注血小板、静脉输注丙种球蛋白。

(2)明确诊断后应用糖皮质激素治疗。

阅读理解

Japanese couples, too busy for a normal social life, are increasingly turning to actors to play their friends on the most important days of their lives.

Several agencies have sprung up(涌现)offering actors to attend weddings or even funerals.The first guest-for-hire company was established about nine years ago and around 10 agencies now send out dozens of pretend friends to family events.

Agencies such as Hagemashi Tai, which means “I want to cheer you up”, charge around £100 for each “guest”. Other services such as giving a speech in praise of a bride or the groom cost extra.

The appearance of the small fake friends industry has been linked to social and economic changes in Japan.With lifetime employment (终身雇佣制)a thing of the past, couples feel uncomfortable about inviting work colleagues to their wedding.Increasingly busy and put upon, many Japanese surround themselves with only a very small circle of friends.

When they marry, however, they are under pressure to match the number of their new partner’s wedding guests.

Office Agents, the largest provider of pretend friends, makes sure that its employees have done their homework and know all about the bride or groom before the wedding.

Hiroshi Mizutani, the company’s founder, said the fake friends he provides must look happy, be well dressed and look like people with good jobs.

小题1:Why did fake friends industry come into being in Japan?

A.Because of social and economic changes

B.Because of lifetime employment

C.Because of normal social life

D.Because of work pressure小题2:Pretend friends will be present at the following occasions except ________.

A.weddings

B.funerals

C.work

D.family gathering小题3:The agents make sure that ________.

A.fake friends have done their housework

B.fake friends have good jobs

C.fake friends must look happy and be well dressed

D.fake friends feel uncomfortable小题4:What is the best title of this passage?

A.Japanese Couples are Under Pressure to Get Married

B.Japanese Couples’ Social Life

C.The First Guest-for-hire Company in Japan

D.Japanese Couples Rely on Fake Friends

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