问题 问答题 案例分析题

病历摘要:患者,男性,35岁,因"水肿5年,夜尿增多2年,乏力、厌食1个月"就诊。患者5年前无明显诱因出现晨起眼睑水肿,无乏力、纳差、腰痛、血尿等,于当地医务所测血压150/90mmHg,未规律诊治。此后水肿间断出现,时有时无,时轻时重,未予重视。近2年来出现夜尿增多,3~4次/夜,未诊治。患者近1个月无诱因感乏力、厌食,有时伴恶心、腹胀,无腹痛、腹泻或发热。自服多潘立酮(吗丁啉)无效,乏力、厌食症状进行性加重,遂就诊。患者自发病以来睡眠可,大便正常,尿量无明显改变,近1年体重有下降(具体不详)。既往史:无糖尿病史,无药物滥用史,无药物过敏史。查体:T36.8℃,P90次/分,R20次/分,BP160/100mmHg。慢性病容,贫血貌,双眼睑轻度浮肿,皮肤有氨味,浅表淋巴结无肿大,巩膜无黄染。心、肺、腹部查体未见异常。双下肢无水肿。实验室检查:血常规:Hb88g/L;尿常规:蛋白(++),RBC(++);粪便常规(-)。血生化:Cr900μmol/L,HC0315mmol/L,血磷升高。B超:双肾缩小,左肾8.7cm×4.0cm,右肾9.0cm×4.1cm.双肾皮质回声增强,皮髓质分界不清。

答案

参考答案:

1.诊断(4分)

(1)慢性肾衰竭(尿毒症期)

(2)肾性高血压

(3)肾性贫血(中度)

(4)代谢性酸中毒

(5)高磷血症

(6)慢性肾小球肾炎?

2.诊断依据(4分)

(1)中年男性,慢性病程,隐匿起病。

(2)患者间断晨起眼睑水肿,发现血压升高5年,出现夜尿增多2年,厌食、乏力进行性加重1个月。

(3)既往无殊。

(4)查体BP160/100mmHg,慢性病容,贫血貌,双眼睑轻度浮肿,皮肤有氨味。

(5)辅助检查Hb88g/L;尿常规:蛋白(++),RBC(++);血生化:Cr900μmol/L,HCO15mmol/L,血磷升高;B超:双肾缩小。

2.鉴别诊断(6分)

(1)急性肾衰竭:本病一般起病较急,肾功能迅速恶化,B超可见肾脏大小正常或增大,与该患者不符,考虑可能性小。

(2)原发性高血压:长期高血压可导致肾损害,但患者多有长期高血压病史,后期方出现肾功能受损表现,常伴有高血压其他靶器官损害的表现。该患者首先出现水肿,同时伴血压升高,考虑本病可能性小,必要时可行肾活检进一步除外。

3.进一步检查(4分)

(1)病因筛查:如血糖,眼底检查,肾血管超声,自身抗体,肾活检等。

(2)并发症检查:如血常规,凝血,血气分析,电解质,胸片,超声心动,肾小球滤过率,24小时尿蛋白定量等。

4.治疗原则(4分)

(1)营养治疗:低蛋白饮食。

(2)降压治疗。

(3)纠正肾性贫血。

(4)纠正代谢性酸中毒、高磷血症。

(5)防治并发症。

(6)肾脏替代治疗。

填空题

Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following article and choose the best word for each space.
·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.

iPhone Left in Hot Car for Three Hours


The normally peaceful suburban town of Winnetka is still reeling following the news Monday (26) a local resident, whose name is being (27) by police pending a full investigation, left an iPhone unattended for more than three hours in a car (28) in the hot sun.
"Responding to calls from (29) . passersby, who observed the iPhone sitting in a vehicle in the parking (30) of the Westfield Shopping Center, police arrived on the (31) at approximately 4 p.m. and immediately intervened to save the device," said Winnetka police chief Douglas Blaine. "Security cameras have shown that the iPhone had been in the car— with the doors (32) and the windows rolled (33) —since 1 p.m. Due to the tragic and highly emotional (34) of this case, we cannot say any (35) at this time."
According to official police records, two officers forcibly (36) into the car at 4:07 p.m. and found the iPhone (37) face down on the dashboard. The iPhone at first showed no (38) of life, but after a tense few seconds, officers were able to wake it and get it to (39) to a series of simple touch commands. Police said that if the iPhone were left in the extreme (40) for any longer, it could have died.
The iPhone was rushed by ambulance to a nearby Apple facility for careful (41) .Miraculously, no damage to its memory, screen, or wireless capabilities was reported.
Upper-middle-class suburbanites from all over the North Shore area have reacted to the near-tragedy with an unprecedented outpouring of (42) . Hundreds of cards and letters have come streaming in, and local talk radio shows have been flooded (43) calls demanding that the iPhone’s (44) be prosecuted. Many have come forward offering to take the iPhone into their custody, and still (45) have donated free downloads, ringtones, and MP3s to the victimized object.

A.less

B.much

C.thing

D.more

单项选择题