问题 问答题 简答题

2013年入冬以来,中国许多地方出现严重雾霾天气,PM2.5大大超标,其中以北京及其周边地区最为严重。据研究显示,北京、上海和珠江三角区,机动车排放对PM2.5的“贡献”占22%至34%。雾霾锁国,折射出大气污染治理刻不容缓。国务院决定加快油品质量升级:加快国内炼油企业升级改造,确保汽、柴油第五阶段车用标准实施;加快汽车发动机相关技术研发与应用;按照合理补偿成本、优质优价和污染者付费的原则确定成品油价格,完善对困难群众和公益性行业补贴政策;加强油品质量监管,加大处罚力度;加强行业自律,企业要向社会公开产品质量承诺。运用所学“规律普遍性和客观性”的原理及要求,分析治理大气污染为什么必须加快油品质量升级。

答案

参考答案:

(1)规律具有普遍性、客观性。空气质量变化有其固有规律,人类活动必须遵循规律。

(2)空气质量恶化与人类不恰当的生活生产方式有关,雾霾天气频繁出现是人们的活动违背客观规律的结果。

(3)规律面前人不是无能为力的,人们可以认识和把握规律,揭示雾霾天气的成因,认识到机动车排放和大气污染的联系。

(4)人们可以根据规律发生作用的条件和形式利用规律,通过系列措施提高油品质量,净化空气,造福人类。

解析:

规律是客观的普遍的,这要求我们必须遵循规律而不能违背规律,一旦违背规律就会受到规律的惩罚,机动车排放对PM2.5的“贡献”占22%至34%。雾霾锁国,这是人们的活动违背客观规律的结果。人们揭示了雾霾成因,这说明规律是可以被认识和利用的,通过系列措施提高油品质量,净化空气,造福人类,体现了人们可以根据规律发生作用的条件和形式利用规律。

考点:本题考查的是规律的客观性和普遍性的原理及方法论

点评:题目已经给出了明确的知识范畴——规律的普遍性和客观性,考生只能在这个范围内作答,考生可以先把这个考点中的内容都回忆出来,然后一一去材料比对。

选择题
阅读理解

The Peales were a famous family of American artists. Charles Willson Peale is best remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the American Revolution. He painted portraits of Franklin and Jefferson and over a dozen of George Washington. His life-size portrait of his sons Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the figures in the picture.

Charles Willson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale museum, which he founded in Philadelphia. The world’s first popular museum of art and natural science mainly covered paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale found the animals himself and found a method to make the exhibits more lifelike. The museum’s most popular display was the skeleton (骷髅) of a huge, extinct(灭绝的)elephant, which Peale unearthed on a New York farm in 1801.

Three of Peale’s seventeen children were also famous artists. Paphaelle Peale often painted still lives of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His brother Rembrandt studied under his father and painted portraits of many noted people, including one of George Washington. Another brother, Rubens Peale, painted mostly landscapes and portraits.

James Peale, the brother of Charles Willson Peale, specialized in miniatures (小画像). His daughter Sarah Miriam Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in America.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The life of Charles Willson Peale.                  B. Portraits in the 18th century.

C. The Peale Museum.                                      D. A family of artists.

2. The author mentions in Paragraph 1 that Washington tipped his hat to the figures in the painting to show that ________.

A. Charles Willson Peale’s painting was very lifelike

B. Washington respected Charles Willson Peale’s work

C. Washington was friendly with Raphaelle and Titian Peale

D. the painting of the two brothers was very large

3. The underlined word “unearthed” is closest in meaning to“ ______”.

A. showed            B. dug up          C. invented               D. looked over

4. Which of the following is NOT the child of Charles Willson Peale?

A. Titian Peale.   B. Rubens Peale.  C. Raphaelle Peale.      D. Sarah Miriam Peale.

5. The author’s attitude toward the Peales is in general _______.

A. puzzled            B. excited           C. admiring                D. disappointed