问题 问答题 案例分析题

材料一伽利略的发现以及他所应用的科学的推理方法,是人类思想史上最伟大的成就之一,而且标志着物理学的真正开端。……伽利略对科学的贡献就在于毁灭直觉的观点而用新的观点来代替它。这就是伽利略的发现的重大意义。——爱因斯坦《物理学的进化》材料二牛顿的《原理》公认是科学史上的最伟大的著作。……二百多年来,它一直是全部天文学和宇宙学思想的基础……无怪乎牛顿力学的非凡成功甚至给诸如心理学、经济学和社会学等各个不同领域的工作者也留下了极其深刻的印象,以致他们试图在解决各种问题时以力学或准力学为楷模。——《十六、十七世纪科学、技术和哲学史》材料三启蒙思想家们在牛顿革命的启发、激励下进行了种种思考。伏尔泰曾写道:“如果全部自然界,一切行星,都要服从永恒的规律,而有一个小动物,五尺来高,却可以不把这些定律放在眼中,完全任意地为所欲为,那就太奇怪了。”但由于牛顿学说本身的机械决定论性质,充满机械唯物论精神的启蒙思想也不可避免地带有形而上学的武断(主要是忽视了人的心灵的复杂性)。——《世界文明史》材料四20世纪初,相对论和量子理论出现,它们掀起了物理学革命,构成了现代物理学的两大支柱,并对其他学科产生了历史性的影响。人类对自然世界的科学探索又跃上了一个新的高度。

根据材料二、三,指出牛顿学说对近代社会发展的主要影响。

答案

参考答案:

影响:为天文学和宇宙学的发展奠定了基础;为心理学、经济学和社会学等学科树立了楷模;推动了启蒙运动的发展;机械决定论对启蒙思想产生了一定的负面影响。

填空题
阅读理解

Brand is often regarded as the creation of western advertisement industry. However, the earliest “brand” could be traced back to the early civilization in China and Egypt. Earthenware(陶器)made in China thousands of years ago had signs or symbols of pottery makers, and domestic animals branded with marks could also be seen on wall paintings of ancient Egypt. These might be the first “brand” in history.

Time passes and the situation has changed. Nowadays Americans have “Cadillac”, Japanese have “Toyota”, Cermans have “Mercedes-Benz”, and they are all proud of the big brands they own. Chinese national brands are pale in comparison to their global counterparts. It is a reality which we cannot deny and have to face. With the globalization of brands and the internationalization of global competition, foreign brands are making constant efforts in attacking the Chinese market. Under the circumstances, the question that we must ask is:How can Chinese brands be ready for the challenge posed by foreign brands?

Many Chinese enterprises are single-minded in getting the attention of the international market and going into metropolises(大城市). Successful though they seem, they act ill-advisedly. We should be aware that it is the home market, especially the rural market with a population of 900 million people that provides the real development opportunity for Chinese national brands. That is why many powerful foreign brands are trying, with every possible means, to develop the Chinese rural market.

Quality is the life of a brand and consumers always choose products with first-class quality. The quality of Chinese products is very unstable so that it seriously affects the establishment of Chinese brands. Therefore, for those national brands determined to challenge foreign brands, the top task is to improve product quality. It must be clearly understood that, for a consumer who has bought a product, defects in 1% of your products mean 100% loss. Only if we create products with quality better than that of foreign brands can national brands be successful in competition.

小题1: What is the question that we have to ask in face of foreign brands?

A.How to run a company in foreign countries.

B.How to stay in harmony with the foreign brands.

C.How to catch up with the foreign company in service and price.

D.How to compete against the foreign brands.小题2:Which of the following would the author agree with?

A.Quality is the most important element for a brand.

B.China’s international market is fully feveloped.

C.China’s products are matchless in the international market.

D.China’s goods are always of bad quality.小题3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A.Metropolitan areas are what many Chinese enterprises focus on.

B.Pottery made in ancient China had signs or symbols of the makers.

C.The top target of foreign enterprises in China has been the rural market.

D.Chinese enterprises should try to get into the home market.小题4:What can be concluded from the passage?

A.There’s no need for foreign brands to make constant efforts to compete with Chinese brands.

B.Ancient Chinese and Egyptians knew how to mark or symbolize their works.

C.Chinese enterprises can hardly build big brands people trust due to quality problems.

D.Chinese brands can only be successful in domestic market.