问题 问答题 案例分析题

男性,34岁,胸痛、气促伴心悸半小时。患者半小时前骑摩托车摔伤后出现胸痛,气促,呼吸困难,面色苍白伴心悸,急诊入院。既往体健,无肝炎、结核等传染病史。无手术、外伤史及药物过敏史。查体:T36℃,P130次/分,R28次/分,BP70/40mmHg。神志清楚,烦躁,大汗,表情痛苦,睑结膜苍白,口唇发绀,颈静脉怒张,气管明显移向右侧,左胸廓饱满,呼吸运动较右侧明显减弱,未见反常呼吸,左胸壁第4、5、6肋有骨擦音,局部压痛明显,上自颈部、胸部直至上腹部均可触及皮下气肿,左侧上胸部叩诊鼓音,下胸部叩诊实音。左肺呼吸音消失,右肺呼吸音较粗,未闻及啰音。心界未叩出,心率130次/分,律齐,心音遥远,未闻及病理性杂音。腹部平软,无压痛、反跳痛,肠鸣音正常,肝脾未触及,下肢无水肿,四肢活动正常,病理反射未引出。要求:根据以上病历摘要,请写出诊断及诊断依据(如有两个以上诊断,应分别写出各自诊断依据),鉴别诊断,进一步检查与治疗原则。

答案

参考答案:

一、初步诊断及诊断依据

(一)初步诊断

1.左侧多根肋骨骨折

2.左侧张力性气胸

3.左侧血胸

4.失血性休克

(二)主要诊断依据

1.左侧多根肋骨骨折左侧胸壁多根肋骨骨擦音,局部压痛明显。

2.左侧张力性气胸严重呼吸困难,大汗。口唇发绀,血压显著下降,广泛皮下气肿,左侧气胸体征。

3.左侧血胸左下胸部叩诊实音,左肺呼吸音消失。

4.失血性休克胸部外伤史,P130次/分,BP70/40mmHg。

二、鉴别诊断

1.心脏压塞

2.闭合性气胸

3.多根多处肋骨骨折(连枷胸)

三、进一步检查

1.胸腔穿刺。

2.胸部正侧位X线片。

3.血常规、血生化。

四、治疗原则

1.抗休克治疗输血,输液。

2.胸腔穿刺,闭式引流,必要时开胸探查。

3.固定胸廓,镇痛。

4.使用抗生素防治感染。

5.保持呼吸道通畅鼓励咳嗽排痰,防治并发症。

阅读理解

阅读理解

    Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children only

for the purpose of educating them. Our purpose is to fit them for life.

     In some modern countries it has for some time been fashionable to think that by free education for

all - one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that

free education for all is not enough; we find in such countries a far larger number of people with

university degree; they refuse to do what they think "low" work; and, in fact, work with hands is thought

to be dirty and shameful in such countries. But we have only to think a moment to understand that the

work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor; we can live

without education, but we die if we have no food. If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish

away from our houses, we should get terrible diseases in our towns…

     In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be

educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever work suited to his brains and ability

and, secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that is very bad to be

ashamed of one's work. Only such a type of education can be considered valuable to society.

1. The writer of the passage thinks that _______.

A. education can settle most of the world's problems

B. free education for all probably leads to a perfect world

C. free education won't help to solve problems

D. all the social problems can't be solved by education

2. The writer wants to prove that _______.

A. our society needs all kinds of jobs

B. our society needs free education for all

C. a farmer is more important than a professor

D. work with hands is the most important

3. The purpose of education is _______.

A. to choose officials for the country

B. to prepare children mainly for their future work

C. to let everyone receive education fit for him

D. to build a perfect world

4. The passage tells us about _______ of the education.

A. the means

B. the system

C. the value

D. the type

填空题