问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文章,完成1—4题。

赤脚的孩子

黄昏了。慢慢地,像是偷偷地走着,紫丁香色的阴影落了下来,罩着森林。巨大的日轮在黄金和暗红的血的急流中快烧着了。大路像是死了的灰色的蛇,在静下来了的田野里躺着。看哪,那些赤脚的来了。三个,四个,六个。拖着装满了木柴和枯枝的小车,他们绷紧了他们年轻的身体上的筋肉。帽檐撕破了的帽子,打着黑色的补钉的灰色的裤子,他们的血管紧张得像船上的桅索一样。额上流着汗。城市又那么远!幼小的奴隶们,在你们的穷苦的羁轭之下,孩子们眼里燃烧着老人的安静的悲哀。城市很远!很远!许多写意的人要在你们身边走过。他们的汽车都要在你们身边开过去,他们一生中从来不曾尝过苦难的日子——他们,使你们受苦的他们。他们知道什么?在佳姆——戈利雅的大饭店里,音乐队奏着乐,在别墅里,那么舒服,又那么开心!饥饿这黑鬼并不向那里伸手。烦恼也不在那里织着涂胶的网。他们知道什么?……

“妈妈,这些孩子为什么拖着车子?”一个在汽车里的小小的写意的人问着。

“已经是冬天了,他们拖木柴去。”

“他们不觉得太重吗?”

“不,亲爱的,他们已经弄惯了。”

那些赤脚的停下了,喘着气,满脸怨恨地望着,又拖起了他们的小车。他们用袖子揩去额上的汗,脏黑的脖子上的血管涨大了,又向前走去。一阵阵的灰土掩盖了他们,像生命一样灰色的、窒息的灰土……在第二辆车子的木柴上,坐着一个小小的助手——蓝眼睛的小姑娘。血,暗红的血迹,在她的小脚上凝结了。但是,她只望望天,望望田野,微笑着。你对谁笑,金发的小奴隶呀!对苦难……对你雪白的、天真的灵魂,你笑着。你青春用了温柔的、天鹅绒一样的眼睛望着。可是明天?明天,生命的灰色的急流就卷去了你的青春,也一样卷去了你的微笑。而且,拖着小车,这里看到黑暗的苦难,那里看到虚荣和永远的欢乐,你就不再微笑了。阴影要罩上你的天真的脸,湿润的眼睛露出了仇恨,你就跟着你的褴褛的哥哥们,举起了你的小小的、黑黑的、握得紧紧的拳头:

“两个世界!一个是多余的!”

(作者为保加利亚优秀的无产阶级革命诗人斯米尔宁斯基,见《世界名家散文经典》。)

1.文章第一段“他们知道什么”之后用了省略号,试依据内容想象补出作者略而未明的内容。(4分)

答:

2.本文善于形象而深刻地表现人和物的内外特征。请着重就下列各句中加点部分作简要说明。(3分)

(1)大路像是死了的灰色的蛇,在静下来了的田野里躺着。

(2)一阵阵的灰土掩盖了他们,像生命一样的灰色的、窒息的灰土……

(3)生命的灰色的急流就卷去了你的青春,也一样卷去了你的微笑。

答:(1)

(2)

(3)

3.“两个世界!一个是多余的!”(4分)

(1)“两个世界”分别指什么?

答:

(2)“一个是多余的”,哪一个是多余的?根据上文推断“多余”的含义。

答:

4.对这篇散文的赏析,有误的两项是(4分)                                   (  )

A.本文作者是着色的高手,无论是黄昏时的自然景物,还是小奴隶的衣、面、手、脚,都着上了鲜明的色彩,其中“灰色”为基调,形象而深刻显示了他们的生存状态和悲惨命运。

B.本文善于在对照中增强表达效果,如:小奴隶的“受苦”与城市贵族的“舒服”,“写意”孩子的关心与孩子妈妈的同情,拉车孩子的“怨恨”与车上小姑娘的“微笑”。

C.作者对“金发小奴隶”的感慨,由近及远,由虚到实,既是对其不幸命运的慨叹,也是对广大奴隶的劝导,劝导他们“握紧拳头”,用自己的斗争,早日摆脱那个“多余”的世界。

D.本文人称变化灵活,如第一段里先称“赤脚的孩子”为“他们”,后改为“你们”,倒数第二段先称“小姑娘”为“她”,后改为“你”。这样变换在区别对照之中叙述更清楚,抒情更鲜明。E. 本文借一个场景,将奴隶与贵族、奴隶现状的描写与奴隶未来的思考结合起来,主题鲜明而深刻。句式灵活多变,文句意蕴深厚,富有感召力。

答案

1.贵族们不知道“幼小的奴隶们”是怎样“在穷苦的羁轭之下”悲哀地活着。即使看见了,也觉得“他们(小奴隶)已经弄惯了”“他们”是与“奴隶”相对的贵族,“知道什么”实则不知道。(大意对即可)

2.(1)大路被灰土覆盖着,弯弯曲曲,死一般沉寂。“蛇”之喻,使所谓“大路”的弯曲之势形象化;“灰色”的修饰使光线昏暗,尘土覆盖的特点明确化;“死了的”修饰,写出了旷野的沉寂。(2)“灰色”即木柴经过痛苦燃烧成灰的颜色,“灰色”与苦难、卑微、暗淡、消沉等意念相关。那些“赤着脚的孩子”有生以来就受苦受难,命运之色比“灰土”更黯,“像生命一样的灰色”,突出了小奴隶的命运极度悲惨。(3)“灰色的急流”是指小奴隶的苦役生活,因为小奴隶的苦役是在灰色时分,灰色途中,被灰土掩盖中,苦苦奔流着。他们拉着小车急速而过,带起尘埃,形成长长的灰色的长龙,宛如急流涌动。

3.(1)一个是“黑暗的苦难”世界,一个是“虚荣的永远的欢乐”世界。(2)“黑暗的苦难”世界是多余的。“多余” 含有不应该存在,不该继续的深刻内涵。4.B.C

1.无

2.无

3.(由上文“不再微笑了……露出仇恨,……举起……握得紧紧的拳头”等推想判断。)

4.(B孩子妈妈的话语表现出的是冷漠、无情;C由眼前推想未来,应是由实到虚。)

单项选择题
问答题

Children in any society are expected to learn to conform to a number of social rules and expectations if they are to become participants in the culture. (46)Among the rules that children in our society are expected to learn are that certain classes of adults (such as teachers and doctors) are addressed by titles, that males and females use separate restroom facilities, and that women but not men wear dresses. These are examples of social conventions. In the absence of such a shared norm, the acts are neither right nor wrong. For this reason, conventions may be said to be arbitrary. For example, (47)we could just as easily have students address teachers by first names as have them call teachers by their last names and formal titles of Mr. or Ms.

Conventions, however, serve an important function by providing predictability and order to social life. (48)Without social conventions it would be impossible to organize social institutions such as schools, and societies as organized systems could not exist. The arbitrariness of conventions makes their importance difficult for children to figure out. (49) It is not until some time in adolescence that children come to fully understand the function that these arbitrary conventions serve to provide predictability and order to our social interactions.

In contrast with issues of convention are matters of morality. Morality refers to issues of human welfare, justice, and rights that are a function of the inherent features of interpersonal relations. Because of this, the right and wrong of moral actions are not simply determined by social consensus or the views of authority. For example, it is not possible to hit another person with force and not hurt the other person. Similarly, it is not possible to steal something valuable from someone else and not cause the person to experience the sense of loss. A moral judgment about unprovoked harm ( "It is wrong to hit") would not be dependent on the existence of a socially agreed upon rule or standard but could be generated solely from the intrinsic effects of the act (i.e., hitting hurts). (50)Similar analyses could be done regarding a broader range of issues that would extend beyond direct harm to concerns for what it means to be just, compassionate, and considerate of the rights of others.

(49) It is not until some time in adolescence that children come to fully understand the function that these arbitrary conventions serve to provide predictability and order to our social interactions.