问题 问答题 案例分析题

西欧从15世纪以后,逐渐确立了领先世界的优势,其主要原因就在于不懈的制度、思想、科技的创新。阅读下列材料,回答相关问题。

材料一

1688年,迫于王权膨胀和天主教在英国复活的现实危险性,议会中的辉格党和托利党联合起来,向荷兰的执政威廉亲王发出邀请,请他到英国来接管王位……威廉接受邀请后率大军在英国登陆……根据议会条件,威廉接受了《权利法案》,随后和妻子玛丽(詹姆士二世的女儿)一同登上了英国王位。——《英国:在传统与变革之间》

材料二

(启蒙运动)在经济领域中的主要口号是自由放任——让人民做他们愿意做的事,让自然界自然地发展。……在宗教方面,主要口号是“砸烂可耻的东西”,即消灭宗教的狂热和不容异说。……在政治方面,哲人们也有一个关键性的用语——“社会契约”。……“行 * * 的受托人不是人民的主人,而是人民的办事员;它(人民)能如心所愿地使他们掌权和把他们拉下台;对受托人来说,不存在契约的问题,只有服从。”……这些口号破坏了传统的制度和习俗。——《全球通史》

材料三

受文艺复兴的影响,16~17世纪欧洲发生科学革命,现代科学诞生。17世纪英国成为世界科学中心。18世纪下半叶英国发生第一次工业革命,工业现代化启动。继英国以后,18世纪法国成为世界科学中心,启蒙运动的中心从英国转移到法国,并达到高潮,引发法国大革命,“自由、平等、博爱”的民主精神传遍欧洲。……19世纪德国成为世界科学中心,德国是19世纪末第二次工业革命的中心之一,她仅用40多年时间(1871~1913年)就成为欧洲头号工业强国。

——《中国现代化报告2002·知识经济与现代化》

材料四

科技、工业和政治领域内发生的这三大革命使欧洲获得了影响和支配世界的势不可挡的力量。……西方确立了它在世界政治、经济、军事、文化领域的优势,并对世界产生了深远的影响,从而强有力地推动了全球一体化进程。

——《世界通史教程·近代卷》

依据材料一,概括英国在政治制度方面有哪些创新?

答案

参考答案:

君主立宪制、两党制、议会制

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Photographs are everywhere. They decorate (装饰) the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales

of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the

beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild

animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.

     Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism. At times photojournalists tell their stories

through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a

chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social change.

     Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the

poor lived. Riis believed that poverty (贫穷) caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point.

A few years later, the photos of small children working in factories by Lewis Hine shocked the public. Hine's

pictures helped bring about laws to protect such children.

     Hundreds of pictures may have to be taken in order to get one or two really good photos. It takes science

to have the photo come out clearly and art to make a photo that has a good design and expresses feeling.

Photojournalists make an actual record of what they see. A photo, however, can be both a work of art and an

actual record. It can record an important event as a beautiful or exciting picture.

     As historical and artistic documents (文献), photos can become more important over time. Today

photojournalists still have their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines. They also publish (发表) them

in books and on the Internet.

1. The underlined word "They" in the first paragraph refers to _____.

A. beauties

B. photos

C. goods

D. events

2. The photos of the small children by Hine show us that photos _____.

A. are also works of art

B. are popular ways of reporting news

C. often shock the public

D. can serve as a force for social change

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A. News with pictures is encouraging.

B. Photos help people improve

C. News photos mean history in a sense.

D. People prefer reading news with pictures.

4. The text is mainly about _____.

A. telling the story through picture

B. decorating the walls of homes

C. publishing historical papers

D. expressing feeling through pictures