问题 问答题 简答题

如何理解观察与理论的关系:

答案

参考答案:

观察可分为自然观察和实验观察。自然观察是指人类对自然现象不作任何人工的变革而进行的一类观察。实验观察是通过对自然现象或事物人为进行积极干预后所进行的观察。实验观察是一种比自然观察更强有力的认识手段。

第一,观察依赖于理论,观察中渗透着理论。理论决定了观察的目的和对象。

第二,观察必须以正确的理论为指导。以反映客观事物本质的理论为指导,将在一定程度上保证观察的客观性;相反,当不完备甚至错误的理论或观点渗透到观察中时,就会导致错误观察。

第三,任何观察陈述都是用某种理论语言构成的,理论提供了观察语言。观察陈述所利用的理论或概念框架越精确,观察陈述所表达的意义越精确。

第四,观察陈述也是可错的。判断观察陈述正确与否,要依赖于理论的检验。任何完全独立于理论的“中立的观察语言”是不存在的,任何观察陈述都不同程度地渗透着理论的因素。

第五,理论以观察为基础和源泉。科学理论和定律的发现来源与观察实验。科学理论和假说的发展完善离不开观察实验,其检验必须依靠观察实验。总之,观察和理论是相互联系、相互渗透的。观察和理论的这种关系是由观察的主观性和客观性所决定的。观察的主观性决定了理论必须依赖观察;观察的客观性决定了理论必然依赖观察。观察主观性与客观性的辩证统一决定了观察与理论的辩证统一。

选择题
阅读理解

下面是今年部分旅游线路介绍及想出游人的兴趣特点介绍,请阅读相关信息并按要求匹配信息。    

A.An 18-year-old student who is interested in traditional lifestyles but only has a week to spare.

B. A family of four, including parents, a sixteen-year-old son and a thirteen-year-old daughter, who are looking for a fun holiday. All four are good riders and strong swimmers.

C. A retired couple who are reasonably fit and who want to find out more about ethnic minorities’ cultures.

D. A group of four young adults who are into all extreme sports and are looking for something with plenty of excitement. They are more interested in the scenery than in the life of tile locals.

E. A family of five including a ten-year-old girl. They have many different interests and they are looking for a relaxing holiday.

F. A honeymoon couple who want the holiday of a lifetime. They are both sports types and love water sports.

请阅读旅游线路介绍,然后匹配出游者所适合的旅游线路。

Here is a selection of the tours organized for the coming year:

小题1:8 days mountaineering trip – climb Yunnan’s third highest peak, the Haba snow mountain. This is ideal for the truly adventurous. You need to be fit and healthy.

小题2:8 days cycling tour from Qiaotou Town – visit the spectacular Tiger I. eating Gorge. It is a leisurely tour suitable for anyone who is reasonably fit and healthy. No previous cycling experience is necessary and all our routes are on flat land!

小题3: 8 days river rafting – white water adventure on the Yangtze from the old town of Lijiang. This adults-only tour is exclusively for good swimmers and physically fit.

小题4:10 days horse trekking(乘牛车旅行)tour – visit authentic Tibetan villages of Shangrila. The ultimate horse-riding experience in a spectacular mountain environment. This trip is for confirmed riders only. Don’t expect three-star hotels on this trip.

小题5:10 days rainforest trek – spend 5 days in the forest and meet the local people. This is a walking tour and no previous experience is needed, just a curious mind and an interest in traditional cultures.