问题 问答题 论述题

夸美纽斯创立的教学原则体系述评。

答案

参考答案:

夸美纽斯的自然适应性原则,最主要的是指教育必须遵循自然界的普遍规律。夸美纽斯认为,周全的教育必须对旧的教学方法进行改革。他指责当时学校教导青年的方法非常残酷,使学校变成儿童恐怖的场所,变成儿童才智的屠宰场;教学既费时间又耗精力,而且极不彻底,不仅教员感到烦忧,学生也觉得厌恶。夸美纽斯认为,应当追随自然规律,把教学提高到科学水平,他根据自然“秩序”,对新学校的教学提出五条原则,即延长生命的原则;精简科目,使知识能够更快地获得的原则;抓住机会,使知识准可以获得的原则;开发心智,使知识容易获得的原则;把判断力弄敏锐,使知识能够彻底地获得的原则。夸美纽斯对这些原则进行了详尽地论述,虽内容过于庞杂、烦琐,但确有大量的真知灼见,在一定程度上反映了教学规律。他的教学原则归纳起来,大概有以下几个:

(1)直观性原则;

(2)自觉性和主动性原则;

(3)循序渐进和系统性原则;

(4)巩固性原则。

夸美纽斯依据自然适应性原则,详细地论述了教学过程中应遵循的规则,第一个提出较为完整的教学原则体系,为改革教学作出了重大贡献,在世界教育史上建立了功绩。夸美纽斯的教学原则实际上是前人特别是人文主义教育家以及他本人教育实践经验的总结,其中有不少合理的因素,因而为后人所接受,并不断充实、发展和完善,成为一份珍贵的教育遗产。

问答题 简答题
阅读理解

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have ever taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities (复杂性) of spelling.

If spelling becomes the only focal (焦点的) point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That’s why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.

I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: “This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is terrible.” It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动机) to seek improvement.

小题1:Teachers are different in their opinions about _________.

A.the difficulties in teaching spelling

B.the role of spelling in general language development

C.the complexities of the basic writing skills

D.the necessity of teaching spelling小题2: The underlined expression “play safe” probably means ________.

A.to write carefully

B.to do as teachers say

C.to use dictionaries frequently

D.to avoid using words one is not sure of小题3:Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that ____________.

A.students will be able to express their ideas more freely

B.students will have more confidence in writing

C.students will have less trouble in correcting mistakes

D.students will learn to be independent of teachers小题4:The author seems to think that the teacher’s judgment on that sensitive piece of writing is __________.

A.unfair

B.reasonable

C.foolish

D.careless小题5:The major point discussed in the passage is ___________.

A.the importance of developing writing skills

B.the complexities of spelling

C.the correct way of marking compositions

D.the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition