问题 问答题 简答题

卢梭的人民主权论。

答案

参考答案:

1、卢梭在近代西方第一次完整地提出人民主权学说。他坚持人民是主权者,法律和政府服从于人民主权,权威和民主是统一的。

2、卢梭提出,主权实质上是由公意构成。主权权力是绝对的,神圣的,不可侵犯的,任何公众决定、任何一种根本法律,都不可能约束人民共同体。首先,主权是不可转移的,因为主权者是一个集体的生命有自己的意志,所以主权只能由人民掌握。其次,主权是不可分割的,某一部分人的意志不成其为公意。再次,主权是不能被代表的,因为公意是不可能被代表的。卢梭反对代议制,认为它意味着人民丧失了公民的公共精神和对公共事务的热心。

3、从卢梭对主权性质的论述中,可以看到他在这里强调了人民必须直接行使主权,而不是将人民排除在政治生活外。无论在权力的归属与权力的行使上,卢梭都强调人民是政治活动的不可获取的主体,而不是仅仅参与议会选举。

4、在国家政体的分类上,卢梭只承认民主共和国,就是按照公共利益的需要,由人民自己制定法律,由人民安排去存的国家。

单项选择题
单项选择题

The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.  American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.  The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.

Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2

A.to show that half of New York remained loyal to Britain

B.to compare New York with other cities occupied during the war

C.to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New York

D.to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York