问题 问答题 案例分析题

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一

洛克主张的“三权分立”,其理想方案是英国的议会君主制。他主张立法权能够制约国王和政府的行 * * ,甚至主张在国王和政府的行 * * 侵害人民财产时,有权推翻政府。18世纪法国的思想家孟德斯鸠进一步提出了“三权分立”学说,并阐述了三个权力互相牵制的重要性。他论证,为了防止出现暴君政体,立法、行政、司法三个权力应该分别属于三个不同的机构。立法权应该委托给人民代表机关,行 * * 应该交给国王为首的政府机关,司法权应该由陪审法庭掌握。孟德斯鸠认为,三个权力的分立,必然具有互相妨碍的作用,但是在搞得好的情况下,毕竟能够协调运转。孟德斯鸠这一套“三权分立”的学说,对于国王的权力确实进行了严格的限制,具有历史的进步意义。

——据刘书林《试论美国“三权分立”模式的本质及局限》整理

材料二

孙中山在考察西方政治体制后说,西方所说的三权,中国古已有之,中国讲是君权。但是中国的君权不仅包括行政、立法、司法权,还包括考试和监察权,而后两项是西方制度中所没有的。所以孙中山说,中华民国宪法要创造一种新主义,叫作“五权分立”,这不但是各国制度所没有,便是学说上也不多见,可谓“破天荒的改体”。孙中山进一步解释道,这“五权”属于政府的权力,叫治权,而民权中人民所拥有的权力,包括选举、罢免、创制及复决之权四项,为 * * 。政府只能行使“治权”,而由人民来行使“ * * ”,并且要用人民手中的“四权”来控制国家机器的“五权”。

——史晓捷《孙中山治国思想与中国文化的传承》

根据材料一并结合所学知识,分析三权分立主张的历史意义。根据材料一、二,分析孙中山权力分立思想形成的特点。

答案

参考答案:

意义:打击了封建专制主义,有利于维护公民的自由和权利;提出对权力的限制和制约,有利于防止独裁的产生;承认在必要时推翻现实 * * 的合理性,为近代资产阶级革命和 * * 的构建奠定了理论基础;等等。(9分)

特点:将对西方资产阶级思想的学习、借鉴与中国传统文明结合起来,体现了对古代中国“和而不同”思想的运用。

解析:本题主要考察的是对材料的理解分析能力。从材料“孟德斯鸠这一套“三权分立”的学说,对于国王的权力确实进行了严格的限制,具有历史的进步意义”和所学知识可以知道,西方的分权学说对于打击封建君主专制主义起到了积极的作用,同时也保障了人民的自由权利,防止了专制集权现象的出现。这为以后资产阶级的革命和 * * 建设提供了理论依据。

阅读理解
阅读理解。
        Do you know why different animals or pests (昆虫) have their special colors? Colors in them seem to be
used mainly to protect themselves.
        Some birds like eating locusts (蝗虫), but birds cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts
change their colors together with the change of the colors of crops (庄稼). When crops are green, locusts look
green. But as the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. Some other pests
with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves for lives
and appear only at night.
        If you study the animal life, you'll find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves. Bears, lions and
other animals move quietly through forests. They cannot be easily seen by hunters (猎人). This is because they
have the colors much like the trees. Have you ever noticed an even stranger act? A kind of fish in the sea can
send out a kind of very black liquid (液体) when it faces danger. While the liquid spreads over (散开), its
enemies (敌人) cannot find it. And it immediately swims away. So it has lived up to now though it is not strong
at all.
1. From the passage we learn that locusts________.

[ ]

A. are small animals
B. are easily found by birds
C. are dangerous to their enemies
D. change their colors to protect themselves
2. How can pests with different colors from plants keep out of danger?

[ ]

A. They run away quickly
B. They have the colors much like their enemies
C. They hide themselves by day and appear at night
D. They have to move quietly
3. Bears and lions can keep safe because _________.

[ ]

A. they have the colors much like the trees
B. they move quietly
C. they like brown and gray colors
D. they live in forests
4. Why can the kind of fish live up to now?

[ ]

A. Because it is very and strong.
B. Because the liquid it sends out can help it escape from its enemies.
C. Because the liquid it sends out can kill its enemies.
D. Because it swims faster than any other fish.
5. Which is the best title for this passage?

[ ]

A. The Change of Colors for Animals and Pests
B. Colors of Different Animals and Pests
C. The Main Use of Colors for Animals and Pests
D. Some Animals and Pests
多项选择题