问题 单项选择题

天坛是明清皇帝用来祭天、祈谷的地方,其建筑“反映出天地之间的关系”,“还体现出帝王将相在这一关系中所起的独特作用”。最早把天、地、人的关系上升到理论并被统治者所接受的儒家人物是()

A.孔子

B.孟子

C.董仲舒

D.黄宗羲

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

AB不对,孔子主张“仁”,孟子主张“仁政”,春秋战国时期,两人的主张都没被统治者采纳;C符合题意,董仲舒主张“天人感应”“君权神授”,得到汉武帝的采纳;D不对,黄宗羲在明清之际批判君主专制。

考点:儒家思想发展演变

点评:儒家思想在历史上兴衰及其原因

1.战国时期儒家思想受冷落。原因:孟子在政治上主张实行“仁政”,强调“民贵君轻”,提倡放宽刑罚,减轻赋税。这些主张在战国纷争的时代,无助于实现国家统一,必然受到统治者的冷落。

2.秦朝时期儒家思想遭到压制。原因:秦朝时期,儒生依然遵循旧思想主张,非议郡县制,以古非今,站在专制主义中央集权的对立面,阻碍历史的前进,必然会遭到压制。

3.西汉时期儒家思想处于“独尊”的地位。原因:汉武帝时,董仲舒对儒家思想进行了发挥,增加了“君权神授”和“大一统”等思想,适应了君主专制中央集权的需要,不仅为封建专制政治提供了理论依据,而且为政治上的统一奠定了思想基础,因而获得“独尊”的地位。

4.宋朝时期儒家思想被取代。原因:宋代理学以儒家思想为基础、吸收佛教和道教思想形成新儒学。朱熹提出“存天理,灭人欲”为封建等级制度辩护。

5.明清时期儒家思想成为封建专制精神的支柱。原因:明清时期统治者为进一步加强思想控制,实行愚民政策,培养忠实奴仆,采取八股取土的办法,科举考试在四书五经内命题,文体为呆板的八股文。这就使得儒家思想成为维护封建专治制度的精神支柱。

6.维新变法时期儒家思想出“新意”。原因:维新变法时期,康有为把西方资本主义的政治学说同传统的儒家思想相结合,宣传维新变法的道理。把孔子打扮成变革的先师,为维新变法思想制造历史根据,以减少变法阻力。

7.新文化运动时期儒家思想受到抨击。原因:北洋军阀统治时期,袁世凯在文化领域掀起了“尊孔复古”逆流,为复辟帝制摇旗呐喊。新文化运动的主将们提出了“打倒孔家店”的口号,把斗争矛头指向以孔子为代表的儒家传统道德,宣传资产阶级的新文化、新道德,这就严重动摇了封建思想的统治地位。

阅读理解

This week Faith Lapidus and Doug Johnson will tell you about Chuck Berry.Chuck Berry,born on October 18,1926,is often called the father of rock and roll.He is one of the most popular and influential performers of rhythm-and-blues and rock‘n’roll music during the 1950s,1960s and 1970s.

He started singing in church when he was six years old.His interest in music stuck with him.A lot of Chuck Berry’s material is about teenage life,especially school.Chuck Berry left school when he was 17.He headed west with two friends,but they did not get far.They were arrested after they used a gun to steal a car in Kansas City,Missouri.He was set free after four years.

Chuck Berry signed his first recording contract in 1955,with the company Chess Records.Because one of his early hits,“Rock&Roll Music”,hit big in the United States then,which was greeted with enthusiastic reviews.Many other famous bands copied it again and again.

Filmmaker Taylor Hackford made a documentary called“Hail! Hail! Rock‘n’Roll”, named for a Chuck Berry song.It centered on the making of a concert to honor the musician on his 60th birthday in 1986.Guitarist Keith Richards from the Rolling Stones organized the concert.Listening to Chuck Berry songs got him interested in music.In Keith Richards’words,“I didn’t dream I could make a living at it but that’s what I wanted to do.”More than 75 artists and bands have done their own versions of Chuck Berry songs.

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland,Ohio,included Chuck Berry in its first year of honors in 1986.The Hall of Fame had this to say:“While no individual can be said to have invented rock and roll,Chuck Berry comes the closest of any single figure to being the one who put all the essential pieces together.”

Thank you for your listening.Faith Lapidus and Doug Johnson were your announcers.

小题1:The underlined words“hit big”in Paragraph 3 probably mean“__________”.

A.won great Success

B.made rapid progress

C.got into big trouble

D.made a small difference小题2:Guitarist Keith Richards is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to show ___________.

A.music is a way of making a life

B.Chuck Berry influenced him a lot

C.he disliked Chuck Berry in fact

D.he is a real fan of Chuck Berry小题3:Which of the following about Chuck Berry is true?

A.Chuck Berry was the first to invent rock and roll on his own.

B.Chuck Berry was put into prison for leaving school in 1943.

C.Chuck Berry can be said to have formed rock and roll’s basic structure.

D.Chuck Berry is the most popular and influential performer.小题4:Where does this text probably come from?

A.An advertisement.

B.A science fiction.

C.A magazine.

D.A radio report.

综合