问题 单项选择题

天坛是明清皇帝用来祭天、祈谷的地方,其建筑“反映出天地之间的关系”,“还体现出帝王将相在这一关系中所起的独特作用”。最早把天、地、人的关系上升到理论并被统治者所接受的儒家人物是()

A.孔子

B.孟子

C.董仲舒

D.黄宗羲

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

AB不对,孔子主张“仁”,孟子主张“仁政”,春秋战国时期,两人的主张都没被统治者采纳;C符合题意,董仲舒主张“天人感应”“君权神授”,得到汉武帝的采纳;D不对,黄宗羲在明清之际批判君主专制。

考点:儒家思想发展演变

点评:儒家思想在历史上兴衰及其原因

1.战国时期儒家思想受冷落。原因:孟子在政治上主张实行“仁政”,强调“民贵君轻”,提倡放宽刑罚,减轻赋税。这些主张在战国纷争的时代,无助于实现国家统一,必然受到统治者的冷落。

2.秦朝时期儒家思想遭到压制。原因:秦朝时期,儒生依然遵循旧思想主张,非议郡县制,以古非今,站在专制主义中央集权的对立面,阻碍历史的前进,必然会遭到压制。

3.西汉时期儒家思想处于“独尊”的地位。原因:汉武帝时,董仲舒对儒家思想进行了发挥,增加了“君权神授”和“大一统”等思想,适应了君主专制中央集权的需要,不仅为封建专制政治提供了理论依据,而且为政治上的统一奠定了思想基础,因而获得“独尊”的地位。

4.宋朝时期儒家思想被取代。原因:宋代理学以儒家思想为基础、吸收佛教和道教思想形成新儒学。朱熹提出“存天理,灭人欲”为封建等级制度辩护。

5.明清时期儒家思想成为封建专制精神的支柱。原因:明清时期统治者为进一步加强思想控制,实行愚民政策,培养忠实奴仆,采取八股取土的办法,科举考试在四书五经内命题,文体为呆板的八股文。这就使得儒家思想成为维护封建专治制度的精神支柱。

6.维新变法时期儒家思想出“新意”。原因:维新变法时期,康有为把西方资本主义的政治学说同传统的儒家思想相结合,宣传维新变法的道理。把孔子打扮成变革的先师,为维新变法思想制造历史根据,以减少变法阻力。

7.新文化运动时期儒家思想受到抨击。原因:北洋军阀统治时期,袁世凯在文化领域掀起了“尊孔复古”逆流,为复辟帝制摇旗呐喊。新文化运动的主将们提出了“打倒孔家店”的口号,把斗争矛头指向以孔子为代表的儒家传统道德,宣传资产阶级的新文化、新道德,这就严重动摇了封建思想的统治地位。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

      COPENHAGEN-The world is gathered in Copenhagen for the U.N. climate summit, but Denmark's

bicycle-friendly capital has also given its name to a movement of cities trying to find a kinder way to

commute (往返上下班).

      Nearly 40 percent of Copenhagen's population cycle to work or school on ubiquitous (无处不在的)

paved cycle paths. Many residents take to their bikes year-round, braving rain and snow through the

winter in a city where the bicycles outnumber the people.

      Amsterdam and Beijing too are known for their bicycles, but the Danish capital is where urban planners

from around the world have been looking for ways to get their people out of cars and up onto bikes, an

effort known as Copenhagenisation. 

      Klaus Bondam, Copenhagen's technical and environmental chief, calls himself a "mega cyclist" and

says the bike's popularity stems partly from high taxes on cars which meant working-class Danes could

not afford to drive in the 1930s and 40s. "Today you'll meet everybody on the bicycle lanes-women and

men, rich and poor, old and young," Bondam said.

      The local government has during the last three years invested more than 250 million crowns ($49.42

million) in bicycle lanes and to make the traffic safer for bicyclists. Today around a third of the population

drive cars to work or study, another third take public transport, while 37 percent cycle-a figure the city

aims to boost to 50 percent by 2015.

      There are many benefits when citizens choose bicycles over cars: pollution and noise decline, public

health improves, and more people on bikes or walking creates a sense of safety in the city. Fewer parked

cars leaves more space for playgrounds, parks, shopping areas and other useful public places.

1. According to the first paragraph, Copenhagen is better known as ______. [ ]

A. a city without cars

B. a bicycle-friendly city

C. Denmark's capital

D. the U.N. climate summit

2. We can learn from the second and the third paragraph, ______. [ ]

A. there is no path for cars during rainy and snowy days

B. citizens are limited to have only one bike for each person

C. two-thirds of people in Copenhagen cycle to work or school

D. city planners try their best to encourage more citizens to ride bikes

3. Bikes are popular in Copenhagen partly because ______. [ ]

A. the citizens are unable to afford to buy a car

B. the rich tend to keep fit by cycling to work

C. young people regard cycling a fashion to follow

D. high taxes were paid for cars in the 1930s and 40s

4. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of cycling? [ ]

A. Saving time on the road.

B. Declining pollution and noise.

C. Improving public health.

D. Creating safety in the city.

填空题