问题 单项选择题 案例分析题

库恩的范式论与科学革命美国科学史家和科学哲学家托马斯?库恩(ThomasSamualKuhn,1922-1996)于1962年提出了所谓“范式更替”的科学革命理论。

他给出了科学发展的下述模式:“前科学→常规科学(形成范式)→反常→危机→科学革命(新范式战胜旧范式)→新的常规科学→……”这一理论的核心是范式概念,在库恩看来,范式是一种对本体论、认识论和方法@的基本承诺。具体地说,范式是科学家集团所共同接受的一组假说、理论、准则和方法的总和,这些东西在心理上形成科学家的共同信念。库恩认为,范式是使一门学科成为科学的必要条件或成熟标志。也就是把范式看作科学与非科学的分界标准。任何一门学科只有具有共同的范式,才可以称为科学,否则就不能称为科学或称前科学。库恩根据范式概念提出他的科学发展模式理论。在科学发展观上,库恩既反对逻辑实证主义的科学发展的“逐渐积累”观,也反对波普的批判理性主义关于科学发展是“不断推翻的增长”的观点。他相信科学发展的实际过程是一个进化与革命、积累与飞跃、连续和中断的不断交替的过程,而且科学发展的历史明显地体现了这个过程。

科学发展一般经历四个时期:

(1)前科学时期;

(2)常规科学时期;

(3)反常和危机时期;

(4)科学革命时期,既而又发展到新的常规科学。

在科学史上,如天文学中的哥白尼革命,化学中的拉瓦锡革命,物理学中先有牛顿革命而后有爱因斯坦革命。这种科学革命的典型例子说明,新范式最终战胜并取代了旧范式,这就标志着科学革命时期的结束,而进入了新的常规科学时期。在新的常规科学时期中,新的范式成了该学科的科学共同体的共同信念。科学研究在新范式的指引下继续积累地前进,但是到了后来,又出现了许多反常现象,陷入新的科学危机,而引起新的科学革命,并实现从新的范式到更新的范式的转变,而进入更新的常规科学时期。科学发展就是通过这几个环节的不断循环往复而不断前进的。

库恩的科学发展动态模式可以简单表示为:

前科学时期→常规科学时期→反常和危机→科学革命→新的常规科学时期……库恩认为,一切科学的发展都是按照这个科学革命的规律发展的。库恩的范式论是关于科学发展的一般方法@,在它提出之后,不但引起哲学家和科学家的热烈讨论,也引起社会科学家的积极响应。社会学家、经济学家、政治学家和心理学家等都纷纷运用范式论来分析和说明各自学科的历史发展过程。1988年苛勒曼和萨勒门发表了《心理学杂志文献中的库恩的(科学革命的结构)》一文,综述了范式论在心理学中的应用情况。

下列选项中不正确的是()。

A、科学的演变和发展是与科学以外的社会和历史因素紧密联系。

B、库恩首创周期性科学发展模式,这一模式把科学发展的量变与质变、肯定与否定、进化与革命这两种对立的因素统一起来

C、库恩的范式论中的第3个时期(反常和危机时期)是科学变革的结束

D、库恩的范式论在科学哲学史上具有上承波普下启拉卡托斯的作用

答案

参考答案:C

阅读理解
阅读理解。
        When Mary was seven, her family moved to a new town. She usually went to school by school bus,
for it was not near her house.
        One morning, their family clock stopped and when they got up, it was too late for Mary to catch the
school bus. Her mother said she would drive Mary to school on her way to the office.
        "But how can you find the way, Mum?" Mary asked. "You have only been to my school once."
        "Yes," her mother answered. "But you've been there by school bus seven times, you know the way."
"Oh, yes." said Mary.
        They started out and Mary asked her mother to turn one way or another on their way to school, so she
made her mother drive round most of the town before they got there. When they arrived, her mother found it
was not really very far from their house.
        "Why did you make me go such a long way?" her mother asked her. "Well, Mum." answered Mary. "I
know only this way. The bus always goes like this, so the other children can take it to school."
1. Mary usually went to school. __________________.
[ ]
A. by can
B. by bike
C. on foot
D. by school bus.
2. One morning Mary got up late because _____________.
[ ]
A. her mother forgot to wake her up
B. the family clock stopped
C. She was not feeling well
D. She wanted to sleep more.
3. Mary ___________to her school.
[ ]
A. knew only one way
B. didn't know the way
C. knew the shortest way
D. knew many ways
4. Mary made her mother go a long way because ______________.
[ ]
A. she wanted to stay with her mother longer
B. the school bus always went that way
C. she didn't want to get to school to early
D. she want to take other children to school
5. From this story we know that __________.
[ ]
A. Mary was a kind-hearted girl
B. Mary's mother had never been to the school
C. the school wasn't very far from Mary's house
D. Mary enjoyed going to school in her mother's car
单项选择题