问题 材料题

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一  民国初年是一个非常的时代,处于制宪政治时期,而非常态政治时期。制宪政治要解决的是一个国家的根本大法,因此,参与制宪的各个党派虽然有各自的价值、信念和利益,但要求他们在制宪的时候,暂时放下党派之私见和私利,从国家的长远和整体利益出发,制定超越党派的永久宪法。……美国在建国之初也曾出现过私人利益泛滥、普遍出现腐败、派系与党争等一系列问题。……面对人性中的幽暗,联邦党人非常具有政治智慧,他们不是像法国大革命那样以公共的善的名义去压抑私利的恶,而是通过建立分权的宪政制度,以恶制恶,相互平衡,将恶转化为善,将私人利益转化为公共利益。在费城制宪会议的过程之中,虽然各州、派系之间有利益冲突,但为了实现共同的国家未来和长远的政治秩序,大家一方面相互承认对方的逐利冲动,另一方面寻求利益整合和政治妥协的可能性。美国人坚信,只要有适当的制度性安排,各种分散的私人利益可以“共和”为民族的整体利益。 ——许纪霖《辛亥后民初的制度转型为何失败?》

材料二  所谓立宪政体,所谓国民政治,果能实现与否,纯然以多数国民能否对于政治,自觉其居于主人的主动的地位为惟一根本之条件。……是以立宪政治而不出于多数国民之自觉,多数国民之自动,惟日仰望善 良政府,贤人政治,其卑屈陋劣,与奴隶之希冀主恩,小民之希冀圣君贤相施行仁政,无以异也。……共和立宪而不出于多数国民之自觉与自动,皆伪共和也,伪立宪也,政治之装饰品也,与欧美各国之共和立宪绝非一物。 ——陈独秀《吾人最后之觉悟》(1916年2月)

材料三  贵州省锦屏县乎秋镇圭叶村,2009年因一枚由本村村民发明刻制的“公章”而闻名全国。他们将刻有“平秋镇圭叶村民主理财小组审核”字样的印章分为五瓣。分别由四名村民代表和一名党支部委员保管,村里的开销须经他们中至少三人同意后。才可能将其合并起来盖章,盖了章的发票才可入账报销。这枚印章被网友称为“历史上最牛的公章”。 ——《腾讯网》

(1)根据材料一,民国初期和美国独立初期面临的相同政治问题是什么?根据材料一及所学知识,简要说明美国在解决该问题时所体现的“政治智慧”。

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(2)根据以上材料及所学知识,分析民国初年立宪政体在中国不能真正建立的原因。

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(3)依据材料三,分析说明“史上最牛公章”“牛”在何处?

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答案

(1)相同问题:党派之争、利益群体之争;制定宪法,建立稳定的政治体制,实现国家的长治久安。政治智慧:各种利益群体相互妥协;分权制衡;利益兼顾;确立共和政体和联邦制度。

(2)原因:民国初年西方列强侵略中国,各政治力量忙于争权夺利 ,不顾国家民族的整体利益,导致政局不稳;封建思想根深蒂固,国民整体素质底下,不能承担公民的政治责任;中国民族资本主义发展不充分,资产阶级力量弱小。

(3) 将公章一分为五,体现创新性;暗含分权制衡原则;尊重民意,体现民主;发挥了人民的监督作用。

阅读理解

The evidence for harmony(和谐)may not be clear in some families. But it seems that four in five young people now get on with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly- held image(印象)of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.

An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past. ”We were surprised by just how positive today’s young people seem to be about their families, ”said one member of the research team. ”They’re expected to be rebellious(叛逆的) and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds; they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. There’s more negotiation(商议) and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They don’t want to rock the boat. ”

So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat the children as friends. ”My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me, ”says 17-years-old Daniel Lazall. ”I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing. As long as they know what I’m doing, they’re fine with it. ”Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. ”Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as I’d done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that. ”

Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenagers’ rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments, ”Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in out social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over. ”

小题1:What is the popular images of teenagers today?

A.They worry about school

B.They dislike living with their parents

C.They are locked in to avoid trouble

D.They quarrel a lot with other family members小题2:The study shows that teenagers don’t want to ___

A. share family responsibility

B. cause trouble in their families

C. go boating with their family

D. make family decisions小题3:Compared with parents of 30 years age, today’s parents___.

A. go to clubs more often with their children

B. are much stricter with their children

C. care less about their children’s life

D. give their children more freedom小题4:What is the passage mainly about?

A. Negotiation in family

B. Education in family

C. Harmony in family

D. Teenage trouble in family小题5:Which of the following NOT TRUE?

A.Parents are stricter than their own parents.B Parents get along well with their kids C.Parents will discuss something with their kids  D. Harmony in family is important.

单项选择题 A1/A2型题