问题 选择题

下列各组离子在指定溶液中可能大量共存的是(   )

①无色溶液中:K+、Cu2+、Na+、MnO4-、SO42-

②由水电离产生的c(H+)=1×10-12 mol·L-1的溶液中:Mg2+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-

③加入Al能放出H2的溶液中:HCO3-、Na+、NO3-、Cl-

④能使pH试纸变为蓝色的溶液中:S2-、Na+、SO32-、Cl-

⑤含有大量Fe3+的溶液中:K+、Na+、AlO2-、SO42-

A.②④

B.②③

C.①⑤

D.①④

答案

答案:A

题目分析:离子间如果发生化学反应,则不能大量共存,反之是可以的。①中Cu2+显蓝色,MnO4-显紫红色,不能大量共存;②中水的电离抑制,溶液可能显酸性,也可能显碱性,则根据离子的性质可知,能够大量共存;③中能和铝反应生成氢气的溶液,可能显酸性,也可能显碱性。其中HCO3-既能和反应,也能和碱反应。NO3-在酸性条件下和铝反应得不到氢气,均不能大量共存;④中能使pH试纸变为蓝色的溶液显碱性,可以大量共存;⑤中铁离子和AlO2-水解相互促进生成氢氧化铁和氢氧化铝沉淀,不能大量共存,答案选A。

点评:该题是高考中的高频题,属于中等难度的试题,侧重对学生基础知识的训练和检验。有利于培养学生的逻辑推理能力,提高学生灵活运用基础知识解决实际问题的能力。该题需要明确离子不能大量共存的一般情况,即(1)能发生复分解反应的离子之间;(2)能生成难溶物的离子之间;(3)能发生氧化还原反应的离子之间;(4)能发生络合反应的离子之间(如 Fe3+和 SCN-);解决离子共存问题时还应该注意题目所隐含的条件,题目所隐含的条件一般有:(1)溶液的酸碱性,据此来判断溶液中是否有大量的 H+或OH-;(2)溶液的颜色,如无色时可排除 Cu2+、 Fe2+、Fe3+、MnO4-等有色离子的存在;(3)溶液的具体反应条件,如“氧化还原反应”、“加入铝粉产生氢气”;(4)是“可能”共存,还是“一定”共存等。

选择题
单项选择题

Starting with his review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .

This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.

This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic (原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.

Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child’s learning of language is a kind of theory (14) . It’s thought to be accomplished (15) explicit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19) power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.

4()

A.transformational

B.institutional

C.systematic

D.constitutional