问题 连线题

法治社会取代人治社会,是国家现代化的重要内容之一。

阅读下列材料,回答相关问题:     

材料一  “治民无常,唯以法治……明主之所制其臣者,二柄而已矣。二柄者,刑、德也。何谓刑、德?曰:杀戮之谓刑,庆赏之谓德。为人臣者畏诛罚而利庆赏……法审,则上尊而下不侵……故法者,王之本也。”                                                                                                                                             

——《韩非子》

“制定宪法与拥立德高望重者为王的理由是相同的。因为人们始终在求索的就是在法律面前享有平等的权利。因为凡是权利,就应当人人共享,否则就不能算是权利。如果人们能够通过某个公正善良者之手达到自己的目的,他们就心满意足了;但是他们要是没有这样的好运,那就只好制定法律,在任何时候对任何人都一视同仁。” ——(古罗马)西塞罗《论责任》

(1)依据材料一,比较韩非子和西塞罗对法治的看法有何不同?两者的主张对后世分别产生了怎样的影响?

                                                                                                                                                                

材料二  “无论国家采取什么形式,统治者应该以正式公布的和被接受的法律,而不是以临时的命令和未定的决议来进行统治。”“政府的权力不可能是无限的,它不可存在一个人手中;立法权和执行权该由不同的人员行使,法官应该独立”“而且行政受法律的约束”。“处在政府之下的人们的自由应有长期有效的规则作为生活准绳,这种规则为社会的一切成员所共同遵守” 。
——(英国启蒙思想家)洛克《政府论》

“我国乃系老专制国,完全为人治人力”,“民主政治赖以维系不敝者,其根本存于法律……,,“凡属国人咸属平等”, “何谓五权分立?盖除立法、司法、行政外,加入了弹劾、考试二种是已。”“司法为独立机关”。  ——《孙中山:中国法治现代化的开创者》

(2)依据材料二,概括洛克和孙中山法治思想的相同点。二者之间有何内在联系?

                                                                                                                                                                

(3)依据材料结合所学知识,列举近代主要资本主义国家法制建设的成就。并分析近代西方确立典型的法治社会的主要原因。

                                                                                                                                                                

答案

(1)韩非子:认为法律应由君主制定,并成为其专制统治的工具;法治的核心是“刑罚”。为秦朝专制主义中央集权制度的建立奠定了理论基础。西塞罗:认为法治与人治同样重要;制定法律能更好地保障人们的权利,实现法律面前人人平等。对近代欧美国家的立法和司法产生了重要影响。

(2)相同点:推崇法治,避免人治的不足,反对个人专制;立法、行政、司法等权力应分立,实行权力制衡;人的自由应以法律作保障,法律面前人人平等,人人应当遵守法律。内在联系:孙中山的法治思想继承并发展了近代西欧启蒙思想家的民主法治思想。

(3)成就:英国《权利法案》;美国1787年宪法;1871年《德意志帝国宪法》;1875年《法兰西第三共和国宪法》。原因:古希腊、罗马就具有人文主义与法制文明的传统;资本主义商品经济发展要求自由平等的社会环境;资产阶级革命和改革的不断推动及巩固资产阶级革命成果的需要;文艺复兴、启蒙运动强调人的价值和尊严,弘扬个性,追求民主、自由、平等,解放了人民的思想;西方资产阶级长期致力于法制建设实践探索的结果。

完形填空

完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

If you asked high school girls to name their favourite sports, most would probably say basketball or volleyball. I happen to be one of the few girls who would  21 : surfing. But isn’t that a boy thing? Some people  22 .  

I started surfing about five years ago and  23  in love with the sport on the very first day. Riding that first wave was the best feeling I had ever  24 .

When I try to  25  surfing with other things, I find it very difficult because, in my  26 ,

there’s nothing like it. It involves(涉及)body,  27 , and soul. There’s sand between my toes and cool, salt water all  28 us. The feeling I get when I’m surfing across that   29 , becoming one with the ocean, is like I’m   30  .

The one thing I can get from surfing and not any other sport is endless   31  . You can never be the “best surfer” because the ocean   32  an uncountable variety of waves that nobody can ever master. The variations of surfing styles are wonderful. Some surfers are free and flowing;   33  are very aggressive(攻击性的)and sharp. All of these things attract me to surfing and make it   34  from any other sport.

I’ve   35  to tell every girl I know to do something that people don’t think girls can do. It’s part of being human to advance to new levels, so shouldn’t it be   36  that girls should step up and start pushing the limits of things boys and men   37  dominate (主宰)?

There’re women   38  side by side with the President of our country, so why not side by side with the boys   39  the football team or out in the water surfing? Give girls a chance to succeed, and they   40  .

21. A. tell                            B. answer                     C. give                         D. realize

22. A. wonder                          B. understand                   C. reply on                      D. believe

23. A. stayed                            B. came                              C. dropped                     D. fell

24. A. experienced                 B. adventured                   C. worked out                D. discovered

25. A. bring                               B. connect                         C. compare                    D. tie

26. A. work                               B. study                              C. holiday                       D. life

27. A. mind                               B. figure                             C. health                         D. control

28. A. over                                B. above                             C. around                       D. among

29. A. beach                             B. water                                      C. board                                   D. lake

30. A. weight                           B. overweight                    C. weight-loss                 D. weightless

31. A. success                          B. challenge                      C. ability                         D. trouble

32.   A. catches                          B. includes                         C. offers                                   D. collects

33. A. others                            B. other                              C. another                      D. the other

34. A. exciting                          B. attractive                      C. enjoyable                  D. different

35. A. chosen                           B. tried                               C. learned                      D. promised

36. A. expected                       B. supposed                      C. achieved                    D. proved

37. A. hated to                        B. hoped to                        C. used to                       D. had to

38. A. sitting                            B. walking                          C. fighting                      D. working

39. A. of                                     B. from                               C. on                                    D. with

40. A. had                                 B. will                                  C. have                               D. do

问答题 简答题