问题 问答题 简答题

简述我国近代文书的形成。

答案

参考答案:

从20世纪初至40年代末,随着封建社会的解体,新生 * * 出于管理国家事务和提高行政效率的需要,多次对文书和文书工作进行改革,因而促进了近代文书的形成。如1911年6月,由直隶自治总局同宝廉编写的《公文式》,是以专著的形式传播文书工作知识的开端。该书从文书的效力、例体、种类、收发、废置和辑要等七个方面对文书工作进行了较为全面的研究。至20世纪三十年代,已有数量较多的文书学著作问世。如徐望之的《公牒通论》,对公文的发展历史以及当时公文管理和技术做了相当系统的阐述;许同革的《公牒学史》则着重评述了历史上公文写作的优劣得失。

单项选择题
填空题

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

     When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle (顶点) of sheer

(纯粹的) delight. And those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. 

     1_____ I remember playing police and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play.

Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting

a new bike is unreserved.

     For teenagers, or people under 20 the concept of happiness changes. 2_____ I can still feel the pain of

not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. I also remember the great happiness of

being invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young man.

     In adulthood the things that bring great joy-birth, love, marriage-also bring responsibility and the risk of

loss. 3_____ For Mulls, happiness is complex. 

     4_____ But I think a better definition (定义) of happiness is "the ability to enjoy something". The more

we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and

being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health.

     While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about

what happens to us; it's the ability to find a positive for every negative (否定), and view a difficulty as a

challenge. 5_____

A. Love may not last; loved ones die.

B. For a child, happiness has a magic quality.

C. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life.

D. Being happy doesn't mean that everything is perfect.

E. The dictionary defines "happy" as "lucky" or "fortunate".

F. It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do possess.

G. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, and popularity.