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阅读下面的文字,完成文后各题

时间的价值

(加拿大)罗•威•塞维斯

俗话说:“时间就是金钱。”这就是说,一时片刻只要用得有效,都会使你的口袋里增添一些钱。如果我们的时间使用得当,就能生产有用的和重要的产品,在市场上卖得一定的价钱;或者充实经验,增长才干,有了适当时机我们就能挣钱。因此毫无疑问时间可以转化为金钱,让那些对浪费时间满不在乎的人记住这一点,让他们记住,浪费一小时等于损失一张钞票,而利用一小时就等于得到若干金银。这样,他们想浪费时间时或许会三思而后行。

再说,我们的生命无非就是我们活在人世的时间,因此浪费时间也就是一种自杀。我们想到死未免极感不快,因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以求得保全生命。可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间却往往漠不关心,忘记了生命原来就是我们生活的每一天,每一小时的总和。因此浪费一天或一小时就是丧失一天或一小时的生命。让我们记住这一点,这样我们就会把浪费时间看作一种罪过,跟自杀一样应受到惩罚。

还有第三层考虑,也会提醒我们别浪费时间。人生短暂,总共不过六七十年,可是将近一半时间必须用于睡眠;吃饭时间总加起来也得几年工夫;穿衣脱衣又是几年;水路陆路旅行又是几年;再加上几年娱乐时间——不论是为自己还是为别人;几年宗教节日和社会节日的庆祝活动;我们的近亲至亲病了,侍奉汤药也得几年工夫。如果从我们的寿数中减去所有那些岁月,我们将发现,能让我们用于有效工作的时间,大概是15或20年的光阴。谁能记住这一点,就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻了。切斯特菲乐德伯爵说过:“对于分配给我们这一生的时间,若有人游手好闲即使浪费一时片刻,也是令人吃惊的。要认识时间的真正价值,要争分夺秒,充分利用。”

所有的时间都是宝贵的,而童年和青年时期的时间比一生的其他阶段更为宝贵,因为只有在这两个阶段我们才能获得知识并发展各种才能。如果我们让生命的早晨滑了过去而未加利用,我们将永远无法弥补这宗损失。等我们长大了,获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了,因此在童年和青年时期未能得到的知识或技能将永远不能再获得了。正如将钱投资生息,到时候就变成两倍三倍,童年和青年时期的宝贵光阴,如果利用得当,将产生无可估量的利益。切斯特菲乐德伯爵又说:“丧失一时片刻就等于丧失了与之相当的名和利;从另一方面看,你现在有效使用的每一时刻正是明智地以这时间作投资,将来定会获取巨额的利息。”

从道德的观点看,恰当地利用时间对我们也有很大的好处。懒惰是心灵上的锈,懒人的头脑是撒旦的作坊,这话说得有理。犯错误大多数是无所事事、百无聊赖所致。懒人只会自寻烦恼。正如瓦茨所说——

我要勤快地工作,不管干粗活还是细活;因为撒旦还有些坏事,专找懒人的手去做。

(选自《文汇》2005年11期)

小题1:第一自然段中画线句从几个方面阐明一个什么道理?

小题2:第三、四、五自然段末都运用了什么修辞方法?其好处是什么?

小题3:结合全文,作者认为时间的价值体现在哪些方面?

小题4:本文的说理有何特点?

答案

小题:两方面。阐明了时间可以转化为金钱的道理。

小题:引用名人名言。增强各段观点的论证力度。

小题:体现在三个方面:一是时间就是金钱;二是时间就是生命;三是时间会帮助人形成良好的道德。

小题:说理特点:一是采用并列式的说理格局,即从时间就是金钱、时间就是生命、时间能磨砺道德三个方面来讲时间的价值。而从局部看,又采用了递进式说理结构,如作者在前面讲两个方面道理时,步步深入,层层递进。二是运用对比说理的方式。作者从正面分析珍惜时间的好处,又从反面指出浪费时间的害处。正反对比,道理讲得更加深刻透彻,更显示出时间的价值。三是采用形象说理的技巧。作者将议论说理同形象说理结合起来,生动形象,让人难忘。

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阅读理解

Everyone agrees that it’s necessary to reduce carbon emissions (排放物) around the world. There is less agreement over exactly how nations should go about achieving a more carbon - free planet. Thus, the environmental equivalent: cap – and – trade carbon emissions, or place a carbon tax on all users?

With cap – and – trade programs, governments limit the level of carbon produced by an industry. Companies that hold their emissions below the cap can sell their remaining allowance on a carbon market, while companies that go beyond their limit must purchase credits on that market. Carbon taxes are more straightforward: a set tax rate is placed on the consumption of carbon with the idea that raising the price will encourage industries and individuals to consume less. At the moment, cap – and – trade has the upper hand, but doesn’t defeat the tax just yet.

Supporters of the tax argue that a cap – and – trade system would be too difficult to administer – and too easily gamed by industries looking to sidestep emissions caps. Cap – and – trade advocates contradict that like all other flat taxes, a carbon collection would relatively burden lower – income families, who spend a greater percentage of their income on energy than rich households.

So which system will have a larger effect on carbon consumption? A 10% carbon tax might reduce the demand for carbon about 5 % or less, according to an analysis by the Carbon Tax Center, an environmental advocacy group. That may not be enough. Businesses and governments haven’t figured out how the two competing systems can work together, but in the end, the world may need both.

1. The passage focuses on_________.

A. programs of collecting taxes

B. systems of reducing carbon emissions

C. reasons for reducing carbon emissions

D. contradictions between the two systems

2. According to the cap – and – trade program, companies_________ .

A. are forbidden to produce carbon emissions

B. are allocated the same amount of carbon consumption

C. can sell their remaining allowance within their limits

D. can sell the extra amount of carbon at a higher price

3. Carbon taxes work by _________.

A. burdening well – off families

B. encouraging industries to consume carbon

C. raising the price for carbon consumption

D. limiting the carbon consumption of industries only

4. The underlined word “cap” in the second paragraph most likely refers to_________.

A. limit                  B. credit                C. level                  D. rate

5. We can learn from the passage_________ .

A. carbon taxes are difficult to carry out

B. cap – and – trade plays a greater role at present

C. cap – and – trade will be preferable in the future

D. carbon taxes will be preferable in the future

单项选择题