问题 问答题 简答题

慢性肾小球肾炎与慢性肾盂肾炎的鉴别。

答案

参考答案:

慢性肾小球肾炎(慢性肾炎)是各种病因引起的不同病理类型的以蛋白尿、血尿、高血压、水肿伴缓慢肾功能减退为临床特点的一组原发性肾小球疾病的总称。慢性肾盂肾炎是细菌感染肾脏引起的慢性炎症,病变主要侵犯肾间质和肾盂、肾盏组织,由于炎症的持续进行或反复发生导致肾间质、肾盂、肾盏的损害,形成疤痕,以致肾发生萎缩和出现功能障碍。它们的鉴别可从以下几方面考虑:

(1)病史有反复尿路感染病史,有尿频、尿痛、腰痛等症状,有助于慢性肾盂肾炎的诊断。

(2)尿液检查如尿白细胞增多明显,甚至有白细胞管型,尿细菌培养阳性,有助于慢性肾盂肾炎的诊断。而慢性肾炎以尿中反复出现尿蛋白为主。

(3)影像学检查如B超示双侧肾脏不对称缩小,静脉肾盂造影发现肾有疤痕变形,呈杵状扩张,或肾影两侧不对称;放射性核素肾图检查示双侧肾功能损害差别较大(以一侧为甚),均提示慢性肾盂肾炎。

(4)慢性肾盂肾炎患者的肾功能损害以肾小管为主,尿蛋白具有肾小管性蛋白(小相对分子质量蛋白)的特征,可有高氯酸中毒、低磷性肾性骨病等,而氮质血症或尿毒症较轻,且进展缓慢。

(5)当慢性肾炎合并感染时,用抗生素治疗后尿检改变和氮质血症虽也会好转,但慢性肾炎的症状仍然存在,而慢性肾盂肾炎则症状会基本消失,可做鉴别。

完形填空
The word “sharp” can be __ to describe many different things in your home, classroom, and places of work. In this chapter, the writer __sharp pencils, meaning pencils with a very fine __.The writer does not like dull pencils. 。
We can also use “sharp” to describe the blades of knives. Knives also have points. We can use “sharp” to describe a __ kind of point, such as the sharp points of kitchen and steak knives. Scissors have blades, too, and we can describe these blades as sharp or dull. Furthermore, the points of scissors are __ sharp or rounded spending on the kind of scissors. Some tools, such as saws, scrapers, and garden tools, also have blades. We can use the words “sharp” and “dull” to describe the blades of these tools, too. Sharp knives, scissors, and tools are__to use. They cut things easily and quickly, without effort.
“Sharp” can be used to describe the edges of furniture and __some containers. For example, the edge of a table or desk can be __.In addition; we can describe the edge of __ open can as sharp. The top of a can is sometimes sharp__ to cut your hand. A piece of __ from a broken jar or bottle is ordinarily very sharp.
__we sometimes use “sharp” to describe people. A person who appears sharp is very well __.A person who is sharp, on the other hand, is intelligent, smart, and__ learn and understand.
To summarize, “sharp” can be used to describe many kinds of __ that have blades, points, and edges. When we used it to describe people, it can mean nice looking, well dressed, or intelligent. It is an expensive word because it can be used in many different ways.
小题1:
A.writtenB.usedC.seenD.taken
小题2:
A.talks aboutB.takes care ofC.doesn't like to mentionD.makes up his mind to
小题3:
A.sharpB.colorC.pointD.edge
小题4:
A.someB.anyC.onlyD.certain
小题5:
A.eitherB.neitherC.tooD.very
小题6:
A.difficultB.easyC.interestingD.clean
小题7:
A.forB.withC.ofD.at
小题8:
A.seenB.sharpC.smoothD.hard
小题9:
A.anB.aC.theD./
小题10:
A.so asB.in orderC.so thatD.enough
小题11:
A.newsB.glassC.informationD.advice
小题12:
A.HoweverB.FinallyC.ThereforeD.In this way
小题13:
A.preparedB.dressedC.manneredD.served
小题14:
A.easy toB.is toC.toD.quick to
小题15:
A.funny thingsB.knivesC.objectsD.containers
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