问题 问答题 简答题

试述药物半衰期的定义及意义。

答案

参考答案:药物半衰期(t1/2)分为生物半衰期和血浆半衰期,前者指生物效应下降一半所需的时间,后者指血浆药物浓度下降一半所需的时间。一般所说半衰期是指血浆半衰期。血浆半衰期是药物在体内消除速度快慢的指标。绝大多数药物的消除是一级消除动力学,所以药物的半衰期是固定不变的。

半衰期的意义:

①确定给药间隔时间。

②估计停药后药物在体内基本消除所需要的时间,一般需要5个半衰期。

③估计达到稳态血药浓度(Css)所需时间,一般需要5个半衰期。

④反映患者机体消除药物能力,如半衰期延长改变说明患者可能存在肝肾损害。

⑤药物分类,超短效t1/2≤1小时、短效为1~4小时、中效为4~8小时、长效为8~24小时、超长效≥24小时。

选择题

相关部门正在酝酿条件成熟时延长法定退休年龄,有可能女职工从2013年开始,男职工从2015年开始,采取“小步渐进”的方式,每3年延迟1岁,逐步将法定退休年龄提高到65岁。据此回答问题。

小题1:随着居民医疗水平的提高,现在我们的人均寿命比30年前大大延长,可工作的时间也大大延长,退休年龄延后势在必然。材料体现的哲学道理是

①一事物的矛盾在不同的发展阶段各有不同的特点 ②具体问题具体分析是解决正确认识事物的基础 ③矛盾具有特殊性                            ④矛盾具有普遍性

A.①②④

B.①②③

C.①③④

D.②③④小题2:随着我国老龄化的加速,养老金缺口增大,“晚退”可以延迟社会保障福利支付,减轻社会负担。但很多专家对此表示担心,退休年龄推后虽然在短时间内缓解养老金的压力,但有可能导致本就严峻的就业形势更加恶化。专家看问题的方法体现了

①坚持了发展的观点             ②坚持两点论,防止片面性 

③坚持唯物论与辩证法的统一     ④坚持客观性,反对形而上学

A.①②

B.①②③

C.①③

D.②③小题3:

对于推迟退休,不少用工单位感到“又爱又恨”。一方面,用工单位希望有技术专长或管理能力的职工能长期为企业服务、推迟退休;另一方面又希望普通职工尤其是年龄偏大的员工能“准时”退休,甚至“早退”,即可空出岗位引入新人。用工单位“又爱又恨”的心态折射出

①具体问题具体分析是解决矛盾的关键      ②办事情不能搞“一刀切” 

③要在矛盾普遍性指导下研究矛盾特殊性    ④对象不同,态度不同

A.①②④

B.①②③

C.①③④

D.②③④

填空题

President Bush arrived in Washington and forged ahead with an ambitious agenda- (1) tax cuts, vast changes in federal social programs, expansions of executive power and (2) broad remaking of energy and education policies.
Claiming a mandate by simply declaring (3) existence, his early successes dazzled his critics. With guru Karl Rove directing the (4) , Bush won a stunning series of political victories.
He muscled his agenda through (5) friendly Congress, and gained seats for his party in the 2002 midterm elections. (6) biggest triumph came in 2004, when he won a second term despite a (7) unpopular war.
The "permanent" Republican majority he and Rove envisioned even seemed attainable (8) Bush plunged himself into his most ambitious legislative effort yet: a partial privatization (9) Social Security.
But the president who boasted about "political capital" in the heady (10) after his re-election now faces the worst of political fates as he enters (11) final year in office: borderline irrelevance.
The president’s second term has (12) defined by legislative paralysis, marked by record-low approval ratings, presidential candidates who are (13) from his shadow, and a lingering war that’s sapping his remaining reservoirs of (14) .
As he enters his final year in office with the war continuing, Republican (15) for president bolting from his shadow, and his party back in the minority (16) Congress, he is politically weakened, an early entry into lame-duck status.
And the (17) Washington atmosphere he hoped to cure is just as nasty as it was (18) he came to office seven years ago.
"lie’s left our political institutions much (19) troubled than they were before," said Thomas E. Mann, a senior fellow at (20) Brookings Institution, a Washington-based think tank. "He didn’t create the ideological polarization, but he magnified it. \