问题 问答题 简答题

肺和胸膜检查方法

答案

参考答案:

1.视诊:呼吸运动是通过膈肌和肋间肌的活动完成。正常成人男性和儿童的呼吸以膈肌运动为主,胸廓下部和腹壁运动度较大,形成腹式呼吸。女性呼吸则以肋间肌为主,形成胸式呼吸。

检查时注意呼吸频率、呼吸深度、呼吸节律,并注意胸两侧呼吸运动是否对称。

2.触诊

(1)胸廓扩张度:一般在胸廓前下部检查,因为该处呼吸运动度最大。检查者双手置于被检查者胸廓前下部对称部位,左右拇指分别沿两侧肋缘指向剑突,手掌和其余四指置前侧胸壁。嘱被检查者深呼吸,比较两手的运动度。

(2)语音震颤:语音震颤是受检查者发出声音,声波沿气道传到肺泡,并通过胸壁使检查者的手掌感到振动,故又称触觉语颤。

检查方法:检查者将双手掌尺侧缘置于被检查者胸壁对称部位,然后嘱被检查者重复发出"yi"的长音,比较两手掌感到的震颤。语音震颤的强弱受到发音的强弱、音调的高低、胸壁的厚薄以及气道通畅程度的影响。男性、成人和消瘦者比女性、儿童和肥胖者为强,前胸上部比下部强,右上胸比左上胸强。

(3)胸膜摩擦感:正常人胸膜腔内有少量液体起润滑作用,故呼吸时胸壁扪不到摩擦感。胸膜炎症使表面粗糙,当被检查者呼吸时检查者用手掌触诊,若有皮革相互摩擦的感觉,称为胸膜摩擦感。一般在胸廓前下侧容易触及,因为该处胸廓活动度最大,深吸气末尤其明显。

3.叩诊

(1)叩诊方法:被检查者取坐位或卧位,放松肌肉,两臂下垂,呼吸均匀。检查顺序为从上到下,从前胸到侧胸,最后为背部。

1)间接叩诊:检查者以左手中指为板指,平贴肋间隙,并与肋骨平行。但在叩肩胛区时,板指可与脊柱平行。叩诊用右手中指指端叩击板指第2节指骨前端,每次叩2~3次。叩击力量须均匀,轻重适当。

2)直接叩诊:检查者将右手2~4指并拢,以其指腹对胸壁进行直接拍击,以了解不同部位的声音改变。叩诊时应进行上下、左右对照。叩诊主要是腕关节和掌指关节运动,肩关节和肘关节应尽量不动。

(2)正常胸部叩诊音:叩诊音与肺泡含气量、胸壁厚薄以及邻近器官有关。正常叩诊音为清音,但各部位略有不同。前胸上部较下部稍浊;左上肺叩诊较右上肺叩诊稍浊;左侧心缘稍浊;左腋前线下方因靠近胃泡叩诊呈鼓音;右下肺受肝脏影响叩诊稍浊;背部较前胸稍浊。

(3)肺的叩诊

1)肺尖部:叩诊方法为自斜方肌前缘中央开始,逐渐叩向外侧和内侧,直至清音变浊为止。正常人其内侧为颈肌,外侧为肩胛带。二者之间距离即肺尖的宽度,正常为

5~6cm。

2)肺前界:正常人右肺前界在胸骨线位置,左肺前界在胸骨旁线第4~6肋间隙处,相当于心绝对浊音界。

3)肺下界:正常人平静呼吸时肺下界锁骨中线在第6肋间隙,腋中线在第8肋间隙,肩胛线在第10肋间隙。

4)肺下界移动度:相当于深呼吸时横膈移动范围。首先叩出平静呼吸时肺下界,然后嘱受检查者作深呼吸并且屏住气,同时向下叩肺下界,作一标记。待受检查者恢复平静呼吸后再嘱其作深呼吸,并且屏气,再叩肺下界。深吸气和深呼气两个肺下界之间的距离即肺下界移动度。检查肺下界移动度一般叩肩胛线处,也可叩锁骨中线或腋中线处。正常人肺下界移动度6~8cm。

4.听诊:被检查者取坐位或仰卧位,口微张开以免空气通过口唇发出声音,保持呼吸均匀。从肺尖开始由上而下、从前胸到侧胸再听背部,应上下、左右进行对照。发现异常时可嘱受检查者深呼吸再听诊,注意有无变化。

阅读理解

Reseachers at the University of Kansas say that people can accurately juage 90 percent of a stranger's personality simply by looking at the person’s shoes.“Shoes convey useful information about their wearers,’’the authors wrote in the new study published in the Journal of Research in Personality.

Lead researcher Omri Gillath said the judgments were based on the style,cost,color and condition of someone’s shoes.In the study,63 University of Kansas researchers looked at pictures showing 208 different pairs of shoes worn by the study’s participants.Volunteers in the study were photographed in their most commonly worn shoes,and then filled out a personality questionnaire.

Some of the results were expected:People with higher incomes most commonly wore expensive shoes,and flashier shoes were typically worn by outgoing people.However,some of the more specific results are strange enough.For example,“practical and functional’’ shoes were generally worn by more “pleasant" people,while ankle boots were more linked with ‘‘aggressive’’ personalities.The strangest of all may be that those who wore‘ ‘uncomfortable looking” shoes tend to have “calm” personalities.And if you have several pairs of new shoes or take extreme care of them,you may suffer from “attachment anxiety",spending lots of time worrying about what other people think of your appearance.There was even a political calculation in the mix with more liberal(主张变革的)types wearing “shabbier and less expensive” shoes.

The researchers noted that some people will choose shoe styles to mask their actual personalities,but researchers noted that volunteers were also likely to be unaware that their footwear choices were showing the deep side of their personalities.

小题1:What does this text mainly tell us?

A.Shoes Call hide people’s real personalities.

B.Shoes convey false information about the wearer.

C.People’s personalities call be judged by their shoes.

D.People know little about their personalities.小题2:The participants were asked to      

A.provide pictures of their shoes

B.look at pictures of different shoes

C.design a personality questionnaire

D.hand in their commonly worn shoes小题3:Which of the results is beyond people’s expectation?

A.Wealthy people often wear expensive shoes.

B.Pleasant people like wearing uncomfortable shoes.

C.Aggressive people are likely to wear"ankle boots.

D.Fashion shoes are typically worn by outgoing people.小题4:People suffering from“attachment anxiety” tend to      

A.wear strange shoes

B.worry about their appearance

C.have a calm character

D.become a political leader小题5:The author wrote the text in order to      

A.inform us of a new study

B.introduce a research method

C.teach how to choose shoes

D.describe different personalitie

单项选择题