问题 问答题 简答题

脉象形成的原理

答案

参考答案:

脉象是脉动应指的形象。脉象的产生是与心脏的搏动,心气的盛衰,脉道的通利和气血的盈亏直接有关。人体的血脉贯通全身,内连脏腑,外达肌表,运行气血,周流不休,所以,脉象成为反映全身脏腑功能、气血、阴阳的综合信息。

具体分析脉象形成的有关因素,主要有以下几个方面:

1.心是形成脉象的主要脏器心脏搏动是生命活动的标志,也是形成脉象的动力。脉象的至数与心脏搏动的频率、节律相应,并受心脏气血的影响。心血和心阴是心脏生理活动的物质基础,心气和心阳视作心脏的功能状态。心阳概括了心搏加强,心率加速,气血运行加快,精神情志兴奋等功能状态;心阴概括了心搏减弱,心率减慢和精神情志宁静、抑制等功能状态。脉为血之府,是气血运行的通道,心与脉在组织结构上互相衔接,形成了人体的血液循环系统;在功能上亦相互依存和协调,故称为"心之合"。脉不仅是运行气血的必要通道,尚有约束和推进血流顺从脉道运行的作用,是气血周流不息,正常循行的重要条件。因此,脉的功能状态能直接影响脉象。

2.气、血是形成脉象的物质基础气、血是构成人体组织和维持生命活动的基本物质。它们对脉象的影响以气的作用更为重要,这是因为气属阳主动,血液的运行全赖于气的推动,脉的"壅遏营气"则有赖于气的固摄,心搏的强弱和节律亦有赖气的调节。3.其他脏腑与脉象形成的关系脉象的形成不仅与心、脉、气、血有关,同时与整体脏腑功能的关系亦很密切。肺主气,司呼吸。肺对脉的影响,首先体现在肺与心以及气与血的功能联系上。因为气对血有运行、统藏、调摄等作用,所以肺的呼吸运动是主宰脉动的重要因素。脾胃的功能是运化水谷精微,为气血生化之源,"后天之本"。气血的盛衰和水谷精微的多寡,表现为脉之"胃气".的多少。肝藏血,即指肝有储藏血液,调节血量的作用。肝主疏泄,可使气血调畅,经脉通利,脏腑功能正常。肝的生理功能失调,可以影响气血的正常运行,从而引起脉象的变化。肾藏精,为元气之根,是脏腑功能的动力源泉,亦是全身阴阳的根本。肾气充盛则脉搏重按不绝,尺脉有力,是谓"有根"。

单项选择题
阅读理解

President Barack Obama has apologized for a gaffe (失言) in which he described his bowling skills as akin to participants in the Special Olympics, a sports program for people with intellectual disabilities.

Obama made the mistake during an interview on Thursday night on “The Tonight Show” with host Jay Leno, the first time a sitting U.S. president had been on the show.

Talking about living in the White House, Obama said he had been practicing his bowling in the home’s bowling alley and had scored a 129 out of a possible 300.

It was an improvement on the embarrassing 37 he had rolled during a stop on the presidential campaign trail a year ago. “It’s like—it was like Special Olympics or something,” Obama said.

The Special Olympics is a global nonprofit organization serving some 200 million people with intellectual disabilities, with a presence in nearly 200 countries worldwide.

Soon after the Jay Leno interview, Obama telephoned Special Olympics chairman Tim Shriver to apologize.

Shriver told ABC’s “Good Morning America” television show that Obama had apologized “in a way that I think was very moving” and that he said “he did not intend to humiliate (羞辱) the population, didn’t want to embarrass or give anybody any more reason for pain or kind of suffering.”

Shriver said people should gain a lesson from the incident.

“I think it’s important to see that words hurt. Words do matter. And these words in some respect, can be seen as humiliating or a put-down to people with special needs, do cause pain. And they do result in stereotypes,” Shriver said.

White House spokesman Bill Burton said Obama “made an offhand remark making fun of his own bowling that was in no way intended to look down upon the Special Olympics.”

“He thinks that the Special Olympics are a wonderful program that gives an opportunity to shine to people with disabilities from around the world,” Burton said.

56. What does the underlined word “akin” in Paragraph 1 mean?

A. skillful            B. similar          C. appealing              D. superior

57. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Obama loves sports and is especially gifted at bowling.

B. Obama apologized for his remarks via ABC’s TV show.

C. The Special Olympics are for various disabled people.

D. The Special Olympics don’t intend to make any money.

58. What does Shriver mean by saying people should gain a lesson from the incident?

A. Disabled people cannot be humiliated.        B. One should be careful with his words.

C. An apology for wrong words is wanted.            D. Words matter even more than actions.

59. The passage is mainly about ________.

A. Obama receiving a TV interview                       B. Obama looking down on the disabled

C. Obama apologizing for his gaffe                     D. Obama being attacked for his words