问题 问答题 简答题

脉象形成的原理

答案

参考答案:

脉象是脉动应指的形象。脉象的产生是与心脏的搏动,心气的盛衰,脉道的通利和气血的盈亏直接有关。人体的血脉贯通全身,内连脏腑,外达肌表,运行气血,周流不休,所以,脉象成为反映全身脏腑功能、气血、阴阳的综合信息。

具体分析脉象形成的有关因素,主要有以下几个方面:

1.心是形成脉象的主要脏器心脏搏动是生命活动的标志,也是形成脉象的动力。脉象的至数与心脏搏动的频率、节律相应,并受心脏气血的影响。心血和心阴是心脏生理活动的物质基础,心气和心阳视作心脏的功能状态。心阳概括了心搏加强,心率加速,气血运行加快,精神情志兴奋等功能状态;心阴概括了心搏减弱,心率减慢和精神情志宁静、抑制等功能状态。脉为血之府,是气血运行的通道,心与脉在组织结构上互相衔接,形成了人体的血液循环系统;在功能上亦相互依存和协调,故称为"心之合"。脉不仅是运行气血的必要通道,尚有约束和推进血流顺从脉道运行的作用,是气血周流不息,正常循行的重要条件。因此,脉的功能状态能直接影响脉象。

2.气、血是形成脉象的物质基础气、血是构成人体组织和维持生命活动的基本物质。它们对脉象的影响以气的作用更为重要,这是因为气属阳主动,血液的运行全赖于气的推动,脉的"壅遏营气"则有赖于气的固摄,心搏的强弱和节律亦有赖气的调节。3.其他脏腑与脉象形成的关系脉象的形成不仅与心、脉、气、血有关,同时与整体脏腑功能的关系亦很密切。肺主气,司呼吸。肺对脉的影响,首先体现在肺与心以及气与血的功能联系上。因为气对血有运行、统藏、调摄等作用,所以肺的呼吸运动是主宰脉动的重要因素。脾胃的功能是运化水谷精微,为气血生化之源,"后天之本"。气血的盛衰和水谷精微的多寡,表现为脉之"胃气".的多少。肝藏血,即指肝有储藏血液,调节血量的作用。肝主疏泄,可使气血调畅,经脉通利,脏腑功能正常。肝的生理功能失调,可以影响气血的正常运行,从而引起脉象的变化。肾藏精,为元气之根,是脏腑功能的动力源泉,亦是全身阴阳的根本。肾气充盛则脉搏重按不绝,尺脉有力,是谓"有根"。

问答题
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A new plan for getting children to and from school is being started by a local government in Eastern England. This could end the worries of many parents fear ful for their children's safety on the roads.

Until now the local government have only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school, or sometimes less if special reasons existed. Now it has been decided that if a group of parents ask for help in organizing transport they will be prepared to go ahead, as long as the arrangement will not lose money and children taking part will be attending their nearest school.

The new plan is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington School. The children live just without the three mile limit and the local government have said in the past that they will not undertake to provide free transport to the school. But now they have agreed to offer a sum of money for a bus service from Milton to Impington and back, a plan which has the support of the school's headmaster.

Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part. Final calculations have still to be carried out, but a government official has said the cost to parents should be less than £ 20 a term.

They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington. The same bus would now just make one more journey to pick up the Milton children. The official said they would get in touch with other groups of parents who in the past had asked if transport could be provided for their children, to see if they would like to take part in the new plan.

1.What is the aim of the plan?

A.To prevent the students' road accident.        

B.To relieve the traffic pressure.

C.To save time for the parents and students.        

D.To help the parents save money. 

2.How can the local government arrange the new bus service at a low cost?

A.By letting the bus run in the morning only.

B.By limiting the number of the students.

C.By obtaining the support from the headmaster.

D.By lining the new bus service with the existing one. 

3.The new bus service will be paid for by  ________ .

A. the parents             B. the local government

C. the bus company         D. the local government and the parents 

4.Which of the following is possible if the plan is carried out?

A.The bus company will make much more money.

B.The children can choose whatever school they like.

C.The parents can get rid of their worries.

D.The students in Impington School can have free bus rides. 

5.This passage is most probably ________  .

A.a personal letter         B. a headmaster's report

C.an advertisement          D. a newspaper article