问题 问答题 案例分析题

(26分)1750-1850年是西方文明突飞猛进的重要阶段。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一:1775年北美爆发独立战争,1789年法国爆发大革命,西方民主政治开始在欧美大国确立。法国学者托克维尔进行研究,先后写成《论美国的民主》和《旧制度与大革命》,提出了许多发人深省的见解。

材料二:……商品的低廉价格,是它(资产阶级)用来摧毁一切万里长城、征服野蛮人最顽强的仇外心理的重炮……它创立了巨大的城市……资产阶级在它的不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力,比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多,还要大……随着资产阶级即资本的发展,无产阶级即现代工人阶级也在同一程度上得到发展……基督教思想在18世纪被启蒙思想击败……

——马克思、恩格斯《 * * 党宣言》(1848年)

材料三:在1750年,中西方的差距并不大;到了1850年,双方的差距不啻天壤之别。这不仅是中西方的差距,也是东西方的差距。到19世纪中期,印度完全沦为殖民地,埃及岌岌可危,地跨欧亚非的奥斯曼帝国风雨飘摇,伊朗横遭列强干涉。

关于中西方差距拉大的原因,学术界现有三大基本观点:①主要是中国落后了;②关键是西方腾飞了;③在中国落后的同时,西方腾飞了。

——据斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》等整理

近年来,一些学者注重从经济、政治、文化、社会、生态“五位一体”的角度研究历史。参考材料一、二,并结合所学知识,用“五位一体”的思路概括这一阶段西方历史发展的特征。(11分)

答案

参考答案:

经济方面:生产力极大提高(2分,答工业革命1分);政治方面:资产阶级革命爆发,西方民主政治开始确立;马克思主主义诞生;开创无产资级革命新时代(答对1点2分,2点3分);文化方面:理性与自由平等思想发展;浪漫主义和现实主义兴起(答对1点2分,2点3分);社会方面:城市化加快;无产阶级开始显示伟大力量(答对1点2分);生态方面:生态环境遭到破坏(1分)

解析:阅读材料及所学分析问题,千万不能忽视任何一个方面,必须材料、课本双管齐下,并结合时代大背景作答即可,要注意,从多角度作答,用“五位一体”思维法。

阅读理解

There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared (培养). If an individual is handicapped (妨碍) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.

The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

小题1:This passage can be best titled_________.

A.Intelligence and Environment

B.Measuring Your Intelligence

C.The Case of Peter and Mark

D.How the brain Influences Intelligence小题2:According to the passage, the average I.Q. is _____.

A.85

B.125

C.110

D.100小题3:The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _______.

A.individual with identical brains seldom test at same level

B.an individual's intelligence is determined only by his environment

C.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain

D.lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligence小题4:This passage suggests that an individual's I.Q.______.

A.can be increased by education

B.stays the same throughout his life

C.can be predicted at birth

D.is determined by his childhood

单项选择题