问题 问答题 简答题

肺结核鉴别诊断

答案

参考答案:

1.肺癌中心型肺癌与肺门淋巴结结核相似,周围型肺癌需与结核球鉴别。肺癌多见40岁以上男性嗜烟者,多有刺激性咳嗽、间断血痰;周围型肺癌病灶边缘清楚,有切迹和毛刺。结核灶常有钙化,周围可有卫星灶。结核菌素试验癌肿多阴性,结核病多阳性;癌胚抗原肿瘤时增高。痰结核杆菌、细胞学检查、胸部CT检查与纤支镜检有助于鉴别。

2.肺炎细菌性肺炎需与干酪性肺炎鉴别,支原体肺炎和过敏性肺炎需与浸润型肺结核早期鉴别。细菌性肺炎起病急,除高热、寒战外,唇有疱疹,咳铁锈色痰,痰结核杆菌阴性,敏感抗生素治疗有效。支原体肺炎咳嗽剧烈,红霉素或四环素族治疗有效。过敏性肺炎肺内阴影游走,血嗜酸性粒细胞增多,糖皮质激素治疗有效。

3.肺脓肿需与空洞型肺结核鉴别,前者有误吸史,起病急,高热、咳大量脓臭痰,痰结核杆菌阴性,抗生素治疗有效。

4.支气管扩张症需与慢性纤维空洞型肺结核鉴别,前者有慢性咳嗽、咳大量脓痰、反复咯血史,X线胸片或无异常或肺纹理增粗、呈卷发样阴影,痰结核杆菌阴性,胸部CT有助诊断,必要时支气管造影可以确定。

5.其他发热性疾病如伤寒、败血症、白血病与急性粟粒性肺结核,淋巴瘤、结节病需与肺门淋巴结结核鉴别。伤寒热呈稽留型,有相对缓脉、玫瑰疹,血清肥达反应阳性。败血症起病急,有弛张热,白细胞总数与中性粒细胞明显增多,病前有皮肤创伤感染、疖痈病史。血及骨髓培养可见病原菌。急性白血病常有进行性贫血,皮肤粘膜出血与周身骨痛,血与骨髓涂片可见白血病性幼稚细胞。淋巴瘤与结节病因肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大需与肺门或气管旁淋巴结结核鉴别,前两病结素试验均阴性,淋巴瘤常伴浅表淋巴结肿大与肝脾大,进展比较迅速,活组织检查可以确定。结节病多无明显发热,肺门淋巴结肿大常为双侧性,血管紧张素转换酶活性增高,糖皮质激素治疗有效,活组织与支气管肺泡灌洗液检查有助于确诊。

问答题
单项选择题

Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn’t it

New "fake fat" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it’s up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.

Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.

Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠道) "grab" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.

The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.

Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fit substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.

Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.

We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ()。

A. contains plenty of nutrients

B. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious

C. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins

D. makes food easily digestible