问题 问答题 简答题

试述夹杂物的形成原理、影响因素及主要防止措施。

答案

参考答案:

夹杂物是指金属内部或表面存在的和基本金属成分不同的物质,它主要来源于原材料本身的杂质及金属在熔炼、浇注和凝固过程中与非金属元素或化合物发生反应而形成的产物。夹杂物按照不同的标准可以分为很多种类,不同夹杂物的形成机理等也不尽相同:(1)一次夹杂物在金属熔炼过程中及炉前处理时,液态金属内会产生大量的一次非金属夹杂物。这类夹杂物的形成大致经历了两个阶段,即夹杂物的偏晶析出和聚合长大。排除液态金属中一次夹杂物的途径:1)加熔剂;2)过滤法;3)排除和减少液态金属中气体的措施,如合金液静置处理、浮游法净化、真空浇注等。(2)二次氧化夹杂物液态金属与大气或氧化性气体接触时,其表面很快会形成一层氧化薄膜。在浇注及充型过程中,由于金属流动时产生的紊流、涡流及飞溅等,表面氧化膜会被卷入液态金属内部。此时因液体的温度下降较快,卷入的氧化物在凝固前来不及上浮到表面,从而在金属中形成二次氧化夹杂物。

阅读理解
阅读下面短文,从短文后面每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。
         Linda enjoyed listening to the gossip (闲话) at the water fountain (饮水处 ),and then passed it to others.
Sometimes people got a little hurt. Patty decided that Linda should be taught a lesson.
        After the second class, Patty was at the water fountain. As she took a drink, Abel passed by. "What's
up? " he asked her. Patty said, " Nothing much, the usual. Today is sure an interesting day. But it's not good for
Linda. "
        "What do you mean? What happened? " Abel asked. Patty said sadly, "I heard that Linda got below an A
on her history exam. You know her parents want her to get straight As. I think they'll keep her at home for a
whole week to study. "Before he could ask anything else, Patty walked on.
        Abel caught up with Emily. "Did you hear, "he asked, not waiting for her to answer, "Linda failed on a
history exam and her parents will keep her at home for a whole month? " Emily looked at him in surprise, "But
Linda is a straight- A student.This is terrible. Don't tell anybody, and I won't either."
         At lunch, the gossip was flying fast. Tim asked Bob, " Did you hear about poor Linda? She failed in
history, and her parents are going to get her a tutor (家庭教师)."
         By three o'clock, everybody knew it. All day, Linda had a strange feeling. People were looking at her.
She asked Dana what was going on. He said, "I don't know who found out, but we're really sorry. "
         "Sorry about what? " Linda asked. Dana said, "Everybody knows you failed in all your subjects, and
your parents are taking you out of school." Linda stared(盯着) at him, mouth opened. "How did this gossip
start? It's not true! "Linda began to shout. In a moment , most of her friends were around her. They asked if
there was anything they could do. "Look, " she said, "I got an A on my history exam. Who would start a gossip
like this? "Nobody seemed to know, but they did know that it began at the water fountain.
1.Which of the following (下列句子) is true?
[ ]
A.Nobody liked Linda.  
B.Linda failed in all her subjects.  
C.Linda failed on her history exam.  
D.Almost all the students were sorry for Linda.
2.What's the result of the gossip?
[ ]
A.Linda got a little hurt.  
B.Everybody came to help Linda.  
C.Linda's parents took her out of school.  
D.Linda got an A on her history exam.
3.What' s the main (主要的) idea of the story?
[     ]
A.Linda enjoyed listening to and passing gossips.  
B.patty started a gossip about Linda.  
C.Linda was taught a lesson about gossip.  
D.The gossip began at the water fountain.
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