问题 问答题 简答题

什么是历史系统研究方法?它有哪些基本内容?

答案

参考答案:

历史系统方法:是指把系统原则应用于观察、认识、改造客观事物的一种科学方法。历史系统方法就是把历史作为一个整体或系统来研究的方法。

内容:

1)整体分析。考察历史运动,应首先把历史看作是一个整体过程,历史上的事件、人物、制度、思想等,都不过是这个整体过程的一部分。只有从历史的整体观念出发,才能更深刻地揭示它的局部以及整体与局部的内在关系。

2)层次分析。事物的总体总是分别显现出深浅或高低的不同层次,因而作为整体的历史系统,也是分成若干不同层次的。研究历史,就应把整体过程分为若干不同的层次,作多重性、多面性、多向性、多维性的考察,通过考察不同层次的特点以及各层次之间的联系和关系,以揭示历史整体系统的全过程,实现认识历史的本质和规律的目的。

3)结构分析。世界是结构的。

4)环境分析。分析历史在环境中所维持的作用平衡,以及平衡的被破坏和被恢复。通过这种分析,更便于考察历史过程的多重性和方向性,以及社会的决策和运动的总趋势。

5)动态分析。社会历史应当是一个开放的系统,在客观上总是与环境保持一定的经济、政治、思想、文化等方面的信息交换关系。因而只有用动态、开放的观念,才能真正描述和反映历史过程。

6)中介分析。中介是社会系统中,整体与要素、整体与结构、整体与层次、整体与环境以及各要素、结构、层次之间纵横交叉的联结点。人类社会历史发展过程中,有各种中介环节。

单项选择题

Corzine’s Downfall


The collapse this week of the broker-dealer MF Global and the due punishment of its chief executive Jon Corzine, who resigned Friday, have been and will be put to many political and rhetorical purposes. MF Global’s bankruptcy has been called, possibly, the first domino in a potential collapse of the European banking system; in this rendering, it’s a rough analog to the failure, in the spring of 2008, of Bear Srearns, which warned the chaos of autumn. It might well be cast as a stimulus for more government regulation, or smarter regulation; to some, it might even be a case study in overregulation. Every rationale for regulation seems to contain, as yang to its yin, an argument that regulation is actually to blame.
Corzine’s downfall is an update on Icarus, all illustration of arrogance. It reminds us that leverage kills, that it is dangerous to pick up nickels in front of a steamroller, that risk is risky, that pigs get fat while hogs get slaughtered. It complicates the Democrats’ hopes of controlling anti-Wall Street fervor in the Presidential election, because Corzine has been one of Barack Obama’s most generous supporters-a possible future Treasury Secretary. The Republicans will not soon let this one go.
It certainly further stains the reputation of Goldman Sachs. Corzine, a former C.E.O. of Goldman, took over a company partially owned by the firm of another ex-Goldmanite, Christopher Flowers, and managed, in a year and a half, to destroy it, in part while resisting oversight from a government regulator. That regulator comes from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, whose chairman, Gary Gensle, is also a Goldman alumnus.
It further damages the perception, or myth, that a becoming-a-partner at Goldman Sachs indicates brilliance, or insures success or a lifetime inclusion in the vampire-squid-piracy, although you can find whisperings of a conspiracy theory that Goldman planted Corzine at MF Global in order to destroy it—a notion that is almost as deceiving as it is ridiculous.
Corzane’s collapse is also an occasion for taking-pleasure-in-others’-suffering. It is an occasion for those among Occupy Wall Street’s 99 per cent, who’d be ready to pitchfork him to pieces. It is also an occasion for the tiny cowering minority, who may resent Goldman for its perceived arrogance or cunning, or who may question the conceited folly and civic harm of Corzine’s spending over a hundred million of his own money to get elected to public office. The sentiment, among his peers, was that Corzine wasn’t so great a trader to begin with. And the sentiment was also that in the years since he had left Goldman, his skills, such as they were, had got rusty or outdated.
It is ironic that Corzine blundered by, and is being criticized for, among other things, betting too unbalancedly on Europe. That is, MF Global was banking on the hope that Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Greece (whose bonds are collectively known as PIIGS) would not default on their debts by the end of the year. It might have turned out to be a good bet, were it not for the fact that it was made sneakily with money that was borrowed and perhaps even effectively stolen-or for the fact that he basically bet the firm, and the farm. Goldman Sachs, meanwhile, has been criticized, since the housing meltdown of 2008, for having profited from bets against the housing market—for shorting crappy derivatives based on mortgages. That was a good bet, except that Goldman made it while dumping those crappy derivatives on its unwitting clients.

The MF Global’s bankruptcy ______.
A. initiates the abrupt reforms of the government regulation
B. arouses the self-inspection of the government regulation
C. triggers the chain-reaction of the European banking system
D. starts the overall collapse of the European banking system

问答题 简答题