问题 问答题 案例分析题

历史学者钱乘旦认为,民族国家的形成对现代化的起步具有关键的意义。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一

今日欲救中国,无他术焉,亦先建设一民族主义之国家而已。以地球上最大之民族,而能建设适于天演之国家,则天下第一帝国之徽号,谁能篡之?特不知我民族自有此能力焉否也?有之则莫强,无之则竟亡,间不容发,而悉听我辈之自择。

——梁启超:《论民族竞争之大势》(1902年)

材料二

惟是兄弟曾听见人说,民族革命是要尽灭满洲民族,这话大错。民族革命的原故,是不甘心满洲人灭我们的国,主我们的政,定要扑灭他的政府,光复我们民族的国家。

——孙中山:《在东京创刊周年庆祝大会的演说》(1906年)

吾国今日既曰五族共和矣;然日五族,固显然犹有一界限在也。欲泯此界限,以发扬光大之,……建设一大中 * * 。

——孙中山:《序》(1921年)

材料三

中世纪时,天主教之势力空前强大并占据支配地位,封建割据严重,王权弱小。14—15世纪情况发生了变化……一些国家的君主也要求摆脱天主教会的束缚,加强中央集权。到15—16世纪,西欧的英、法、西班牙等国先后形成为统一的民族国家,并且出现了以专制君主为核心的加强中央集权的趋势。

——崔爽:《宗教改革的历史背景》

材料四

这是从15世纪下半叶开始的时代,国王的 * * 依靠市民打垮了封建贵族势力,建立了巨大的、实质上的以民族为基础的君主国,而现代的欧洲和现代的资产阶级社会就是在这种君主国里发展起来的。

——恩格斯:《自然辩证法?导言》

据材料三、四并结合所学知识,分析15—16世纪推动英、法等欧洲民族国家形成的历史因素及其影响。

答案

参考答案:

因素:商品经济的发展和资本主义萌芽的产生;市民阶层(资产阶级)力量壮大;新航路的开辟及早期殖民扩张;专制王权的兴起;文艺复兴与宗教改革的影响;民族意识的增强。(任答其中三点即可)

影响:消除封建割据,促进了欧洲现代民族国家的形成;冲击了中世纪基督教会神权一统的局面;有利于欧洲资本主义的发展和资产阶级力量的壮大;促进了欧洲由传统社会向现代社会的过度;刺激了欧洲各国对海外市场的争夺。

解析:从历史因素和影响两方面答题,内容较多,注意全面性。从历史因素来看,商品经济的发展和资本主义萌芽的产生;市民阶层(资产阶级)力量壮大;新航路的开辟及早期殖民扩张;专制王权的兴起;文艺复兴与宗教改革的影响;民族意识的增强。

问答题

As they do every week, the 90 members of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity at Oregon State University file into their dining hall for a very different kind of frat party. The rows of scrubbed and pressed young men sit down to eat under the watchful eye of the brother who is acting as manners chair. No swearing is permitted. Napkins on laps are required. Small bites are urged instead of gulps. Scofflaws must do penalty push-ups or pay a fine into the piggy bank in the middle of each table.
Call it the new fratiquette, but these weekly civility sessions are just a small part of a growing reform movement led by SigEp, the country’s largest fraternity. As colleges continue to crack down on binge drinking, hazing and general hooliganism, some fraternities are redefining the Greek experience in order to save it.
Oregon State’s is among the 256 SigEP chapters nationwide that have adopted the Balanced Man Program, an intensive four-year fraternity experience created 13 years ago by concerned SigEp leaders to shift the center of life in the houses from beer-soaked blowouts to activities that promote healthy living and self-respect. To eliminate hazing, the program does away with the pledge system—all recruits are equal members from Day One. Alcohol is allowed, but booze-free activities are encouraged.
The SigEps of Oregon State were a long way from such genteel pursuits just five years ago. At a school that offers a degree in fermentation sciences, the SigEps of old stood out for their love of inebriation. "When I got here in 2001, it was awful," says Mike Powers, 20, a senior. "Drugs were coming in, grades were falling. There were nothing but monster parties." The chapter hit bottom that fall when a single party resulted in a whopping $195,000 in fines for 26 separate counts of providing alcohol to minors. The house needed a fresh start, which led to a purge of partyers in which a third of the brothers left the chapter. "We needed to get rid of the cancers of the fiat," says Powers.
Today the chapter, reorganized under the Balanced Man Program, has rebounded. Membership is almost back to prepurge levels, and last summer the chapter won a national SigEp award that placed it in the top 15% in academics and community service of all chapters in the country.
But the frat makeovers have their detractors. In the rush to save fraternity life, some say, SigEp and the Balanced Man Program may be ruining it. "Some of my best experiences in college were stupid things I did with my friends, usually involving alcohol," says Kevin Stange, whose SigEp chapter at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was frequently in trouble with the national organization when he was a student in the late 1990s and which eventually closed for several years. "We never went too far, though," says Stange. "And the real reason people join frats is to have fun. Balanced Man doesn’t address that." Online chat rooms like greekchat, com are ablaze with debate about the changes. As one SigEp who clearly missed the etiquette lessons wrote, "The [Balanced Man Program] has effectively cut the balls [off] our fraternity. "
The number of new SigEp recruits has increased 11% since 1999. Insurance premiums, which have a habit of rising when fiat boys burn down their houses or fail off their balconies, have gone down the past two years. The average GPA for SigEp’s members has reached the 3.0 mark, which is the highest of all fraternities.
Following SigEp’s lead, other national fraternities have rolled out similar programs, from Sigma Alpha Epsilon’s True Gentleman to Beta Theta Pi’s Men of Principle. According to some members, there’s an unexpected bonus from all these reforms: women seem to like them. "They can go to 21 other fraternities to get drunk," says Oregon State SigEp member Cameron Saffer. "Here you find respectful young men. \

Explain the beginning sentence of paragraph 4 "The SigEps of Oregon State were a long way from such genteel pursuits just five years ago.\

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