问题 问答题 论述题

高等级公路工程分析技术要点。

答案

参考答案:

(1)明确工程组成及主要技术标准公路工程包括主体工程(路基及桥涵、隧道、立交、路面铺设)、配套工程(服务区、收费站、绿化工程等)、辅助工程(取土场、弃土场、采石场、施工隧道、加工作业场所如混凝土搅合场、砂石料洗选、沥青拌合等)、公用工程(施工营地、供水供电供热供油、通讯、机修汽修厂)。工程分析是,注意做到工程组成完全,主要技术指标清楚。

(2)按工程全过程分析工程活动内容与方式公路工程的全过程包括勘探、选点选线、设计、施工、试运营与竣工验收、营运等不同时期,评价中主要关注与环境影响最为密切的两个时段;施工期和营运期。施工期的活动强烈而集中,主要围绕着路基形成、桥涵建设、隧道贯通、直到路面铺设和配套工程建设进行。期间发生的影响有两类:以土地占用、植被破坏、土石方工程、水土流失和景观影响为主要内容的生态环境破坏与影响。以扬尘为主的空气污染、施工废水和生活污水及车辆和施工噪声为主的污染影响。工程分析须明确各种影响的强度、规律、发生点段及主要影响的对象。营运期,主要的工程活动是汽车行驶,主要影响是噪声,其次是尾气以及降雨随地面径流发生的水污染。这期间,主要的生态的环境影响是公路的阻隔作用以及受噪声和水、气污染发生的生态影响。进行工程分析时,须明确发生的强度、特点以及主要受影响的对象。

(3)明确发生主要环境影响的工程和和点段位置公路工程在全路程是不均匀的,有一些工程规模大、施工时间长,影响也强;公路全线的环境也是不均匀的,有一些路段特别敏感。因此,公路环境影响评价采取“点段结合”“重在点上”的原则,工程分析中必须对这些重点工程点段和敏感环境点段作重点分析。如:大桥、特大桥、取土场、弃土场、(砂)采石场、服务区及穿越的环境敏感区段。

阅读理解

Looking back on my childhood, I believe that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and my sisters soon gave up their flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do maths well.

Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I remember clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal clear memory of the dogs, farm animals, local birds, and above all, insects.

I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love for the natural world and my passion has led me into varied explorations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil reading about other people’s observations and discoveries. Then something brings these observations together in my mind. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books.

But curiosity, a keen (敏锐的)eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.

小题1:The first paragraph tells us the writer        .

A.was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood

B.lost his hearing when he was a child

C.didn’t like his brothers and sisters

D.was born into a naturalist’s family小题2:The writer can’t clearly remember his relatives probably because        .

A.he didn’t live very long with them

B.the family was very large

C.he was too young when he lived with them

D.he devoted himself to observing nature小题3:It can be inferred from the passage that the writer was        .

A.a scientist as well as a naturalist

B.not a naturalist but a scientist

C.only a born naturalist

D.first of all a scientist小题4:According to the writer, a born naturalist should first of all be        .

A.good at maths

B.full of passion

C.knowledgeable

D.self-controlled

单项选择题