问题 问答题 案例分析题

阅读下列材料。

材料一

材料二必须理解:一位君主,尤其是一位新的君主,不能够实践那些被认为是好人应作的所有事情,因为他要保持国家,常常不得不背信弃义,不讲仁慈,悖于人道,违反神道。

——马基雅维利《君主论》

材料三人人享有自由平等的权利而不论其出身。人们应自由订立社会契约,组成国家。社会中应有“共同意志”,人人遵守。社会契约就是共同意志的体现,代表所有人的权利与自由。这是至高无上的人民主权,不可侵犯,不得转让。不受限制,不准分割。为维护这一主权,必须使人人在法律面前一律平等,包括立法、司法、守法、受法律保护和受法律制裁各方面的平等。政府官员只是人民委派的工作人员,不享有主权。随着政府职位诱惑力的加大,人民应采取更有力的监督手段。人们在行使自由权时,绝不允许损害他人的自由,否则他自身也就不自由了。这时,共同意志就要通过法律手段制裁他,“强迫他自由”。

——卢梭《社会契约论》

材料四政治上的自由是公共自由,要保障公共自由,就应该避免把权力单独委托一个人、几个人或多数人,因为一切有权力的人都容易滥用权力,这是万古不变的一条经验。为此,提出一条原则,要防止滥用权力,权力来约束权力,形成一种能联合各种权力的政体,其各种权力既调节配合,又相互制约,即权力要分开掌握和使用。

——摘自孟德斯鸠《罗马盛衰原因论》

请回答:

材料四体现了孟德斯鸠的什么思想?是对哪一位启蒙思想家的思想继承和发展?

答案

参考答案:

权力“制约与平衡”。洛克。

阅读理解

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Autumn blues? Let the sunshine in.

Falling leaves, dead flowers, cold winds, faint sunshine. 小题1:  Spirits can be low.

People who suffer from "the autumn blues" often are extremely exhausted, lack energy, need more sleep, feel increased appetite and gain weight.

"The exact cause of this condition, often called seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), is not known yet," says Chen Jue, associate professor at Shanghai Mental Health Center."But recent studies indicate that weather change is influential and strongly suggest that this condition is caused by changes in the availability of sunlight."

One theory is that with decreased exposure to sunlight, the biological clock that controls mood, sleep, and hormones is delayed, running more slowly in winter. 小题2: .Another theory is that brain chemicals that transmit(传输) information between nerves may be changed in individuals with SAD.It is believed that exposure to light can correct these imbalances.

  小题3:  Remember, spring always lives in your heart," Chen says.

Here are some tips to deal with autumn depression.

·Go outdoors and get some sunlight.Move around.Fresh air and exercise improve the respiratory(呼吸)system and blood circulation and regulate the nervous system.Thus, exercise is calming and relieves one's mood.

·Relax at work.Stretch, breathe deeply.Take a tea break.Think of your next vacation.

· 小题4:  Chocolate and sugar raise the spirits.

·Look at bright colors, such as red and orange.Color therapy improves mood.

·Listen to your favorite music.You can dance to it, or just lie on a cozy couch, reading a

novel.

· 小题5:  Blooming plants are cheering.

·Call friends or family when you feel lonely or depressed.Recall some happy memories.

A.Exposure to light may reset the biological clock

B.Decorate your room and work space with flowers.

C.It is a sad season, but you can try to make it happy.

D.That is the way you can use to lighten yourself.E.Keep a chocolate bar in your pocket.

F.For many people late autumn can be a season of gloom and depression.

G.Autumn always gives us a beautiful scene.

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