问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的内容,完成下面4题

中国人的山水观

罗兰

①中国人对山水的看法和西方人有所不同。中国人游山玩水,是持着纯欣赏的态度,而西方人则是抱着征服的“壮志”。

②过去中国人谈游山,从未见有人说他“征服”了某个冰封雪冻的高山而引以为傲。中国人游山是欣赏它的深邃幽缈、高不可攀、深不可测的含蓄之美,所以说是“寻幽探胜”。“寻”与“探”,都意味着一种小心翼翼的赞叹激赏之情。唐朝诗人常用山林来造境,以表达他们的禅思和对大自然的喜爱。因此,他们笔下的山是“石泉淙淙若风雨,桂花松子常满地”的生机,是“只在此山中,云深不知处”的幽谧,是“落叶满空山,何处寻行迹”的隐逸,是在入世的生活中,奋斗浮沉之余,给自己的心灵寻访一个自由逍遥、无人干扰的空间,使人间桎梏得到解脱。所以,中国人游山是纯然精神上的快乐与解脱,绝无一丝欲“征服”而后快的敌意。

③再看中国人对水的态度,也与西方人有所不同。我常觉得中国人都是天生的道家,而道家哲学的具体象征就是“水”。从老子的“上善若水,水善利万物而不争”到庄子的《秋水》,借河伯与海神若来比喻见识的小与大,再到《渔父》,借江上渔父来象征一种不屑世俗仪节的超然,都是用“水”来给人造成浩阔博大的思想境界,然后才对照出个人的渺小。因此,中国人游山玩水的“玩”,是“玩味”的“玩”,而不是介入其中的玩。文人乘月泛舟,静态多于动态,用心灵多于用体力。最高境界的“玩水”,是像苏东坡赤壁赋里的玩法,是静观的。由观赏“澄江似练”和“月出于东山之上,徘徊于斗牛之间”而想象到自己可以“羽化而登仙”,最后体悟到“逝者如斯,而未尝往也;盈虚者如彼,而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之,则天地曾不能以一瞬;自其不变者而观之,则物与我皆无尽也……”的哲思。用这种哲思来面对世界宇宙,则不会演变成杀伐黩武或破坏自然生态的可怕结局。

④中国人是天生的哲学家,我们几乎可以从日常一切活动之中提炼出令人感动的意义。即使游玩,也不强调表面的体力活动。历来文人与武人都不鼓励匹夫之勇,他们饮酒是为了赋诗,游山是为了寻真,玩水是为了旷怀,郊游是为了陶冶性灵。旅行家徐霞客或许比较特殊,他是为了探寻地理山形,不是纯欣赏,但也未闻他以“征服某山”自我夸耀,他只是向大地求知而已。

⑤中国人欣赏山水的态度也可以从山水画中看出。国画中绝少穷山恶水,纵使孤峰插云,仍不会给人险恶的感觉。故宫博物院收藏的后人临摹王维的《雪石图》、燕肃的《寒岩积雪图》,都使人觉得幽静之至,却又深藏着生机,而不使人感到惊惧可畏,望而却步。这是中国古人借艺术所表达的对世界的善意与爱惜,显现温柔敦厚之美。使人无论读诗看画,在孤高超诣之中却能感到无限的温和与安慰。

⑥“征服”,是人与自然站在敌对立场,来显示人类的强大。事实上,人类只可以“到达”却并不能“征服”。用“征服”的心情,专找穷山恶水去冒险,和中国式的游山玩水,在趣味上和格调上,是截然不同的两回事。前者是敌对,后者是爱惜。

⑦人类有史以来,确实克服了无数自然界的阻力,创造了文明,这是值得夸耀的一面,但人类真正的成功,还是要与自然合作而善用自然,因“征服”而贬损了对自然界的欣赏,固非人类之福;因“征服”破坏了自然界运行的秩序,恐怕更是人类之祸了。

(有删改)

小题1:.中国人对山水的“纯欣赏”态度有哪些表现?请结合文意概括作答。(6分)

小题2:文章第④段中举旅行家徐霞客一例的作用是什么?请简要分析。(4分)

小题3:本文行文自然,层次清楚,请具体分析文章的行文思路。(4分)

小题4:文章结尾作者说“人类真正的成功,还是要与自然合作而善用自然”,你怎样看待这个观点?请结合生活实际简要谈谈你的理解。(4分)

答案

小题1:①中国人游山是纯然精神上的快乐与解脱(答“中国人游山是寻幽探胜,欣赏含蓄之美”也可);②中国人玩水是为了静观自然、体悟人生;③中国人在山水画中表达出对世界的善意和爱惜(答“中国人在山水画中显现出温柔敦厚之美”也可)。(每点2分,语意相近即可)

小题2:一是要说明中国人游山即使不是纯欣赏,也只是向大地求知 (或:也是对自然保持一种谦卑);而不是以“征服”为目的(2分);二是使文章说理更严谨、更透彻(2分)。小题3:文章首先将中西方山水观加以对比,概括提出了中国人纯欣赏的山水观(1分);接着以中国人游山玩水以及创作山水画为例具体阐释了中国人的山水观(1分);再通过议论揭示了中西方山水观的本质的不同(1分);最后卒章显志,点明了人与自然和谐相处的主旨(1分)。(语意相近即可)

小题4:提示:同意此观点(1分),可结合人类善用自然或破坏自然而遭到惩罚的事例加以简单阐释(3分)。

小题1:无

小题2:无

小题3:无

小题4:无

阅读理解

Swiss International Air lines(SWISS)will introduce daily non-stop flights between Beijing and Zurich.

The new service to the financial center of Switzerland is expected to start on Dec.12,2012,which marks an expansion of services for the Chinese market.In May 2008,SWISS already started direct flights to Shanghai.

The first flight to Europe has a special price of 2,680 yuan,which does not include taxes and fuel surcharges.

“I am delighted the airlines of Switzerland can contribute to growing economic ties between the two countries with new daily flights scheduled,”says SWISS CEO Harry Hohmeister.

“We are witnessing a growing demand for tourist travel in both directions.”

Apart from Shanghai and Hong Kong,Beijing will be the third Chinese destination for SWISS.

The new route marks a return to Beijing for SWISS:the airlines previously flew to the Chinese capital as late as June 2003.

SWISS will initially operate its new daily non-stop Beijing-Zurich flights with an Airbus A340-300(219 seats)and Airbu: A330-300(236 seats)air-crafts.

The modem SWISS business class offers the most suitable comforts since the seats can be adjusted into a two-meter-long bed.

Seating firmness and softness can be adjusted thanks to air cushions.

With the introduction of the new SWISS service from Beijing,the Lufthansa Group Airlines may attract more Chinese customers when traveling to Europe.

SWISS.Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines already connect five Chinese cities with Europe and beyond.

This airlines group is the leading European airlines network in the Chinese market.

In the summer of 2011,the Lufthansa Group operated 78 weekly flights from China including Hong Kong to Europe.

SWISS is part of the Lufthansa Group as well as a member of the Star Alliance,the world's biggest airlines grouping.

小题1:According to the passage,from Dec.12,2012,      

A.it will only take us a day to fly from Beijing to Zurich

B.we can fly directly from Beijing to Zurich

C.the first flight from Beijing to Europe will only cost you 2,680 yuan

D.the direct flight to Shanghai started by SWISS will be canceled小题2:Why is the new flight added?

A.SWISS wants to offer good service to Chinese people.

B.SWISS wants to contribute to growing economic ties between the two countries

C.There is a growing demand for tourist travel in both directions.

D.SWISS wants to create more opportunity for people to work.小题3:What's special about the Airbus of the new flight?

A.The Airbus can carry more passengers than other planes.

B.The seats in it can be adjusted into comfortable beds.

C.It offers all kinds of services for passengers to choose from.

D.It has two kinds of air cushions on its seats.小题4:What's the right relation between SWISS,Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines?

A.SWISS is the customer of the Lufthansa Group Airlines

B.Austrian Airlines is a part of SWISS.

C.SWISS is part of the Lufthansa Group.

D.SWISS belongs to Austrian Airlines.小题5:What is the passage mainly about?

A.SWISS already started direct flights to Shanghai.

B.SWISS adds direct flights from Beijing to Europe.

C.Beijing will be the third Chinese destination for SWISS.

D.SWISS is the world's biggest airlines grouping.

判断题