问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的内容,完成下面4题

中国人的山水观

罗兰

①中国人对山水的看法和西方人有所不同。中国人游山玩水,是持着纯欣赏的态度,而西方人则是抱着征服的“壮志”。

②过去中国人谈游山,从未见有人说他“征服”了某个冰封雪冻的高山而引以为傲。中国人游山是欣赏它的深邃幽缈、高不可攀、深不可测的含蓄之美,所以说是“寻幽探胜”。“寻”与“探”,都意味着一种小心翼翼的赞叹激赏之情。唐朝诗人常用山林来造境,以表达他们的禅思和对大自然的喜爱。因此,他们笔下的山是“石泉淙淙若风雨,桂花松子常满地”的生机,是“只在此山中,云深不知处”的幽谧,是“落叶满空山,何处寻行迹”的隐逸,是在入世的生活中,奋斗浮沉之余,给自己的心灵寻访一个自由逍遥、无人干扰的空间,使人间桎梏得到解脱。所以,中国人游山是纯然精神上的快乐与解脱,绝无一丝欲“征服”而后快的敌意。

③再看中国人对水的态度,也与西方人有所不同。我常觉得中国人都是天生的道家,而道家哲学的具体象征就是“水”。从老子的“上善若水,水善利万物而不争”到庄子的《秋水》,借河伯与海神若来比喻见识的小与大,再到《渔父》,借江上渔父来象征一种不屑世俗仪节的超然,都是用“水”来给人造成浩阔博大的思想境界,然后才对照出个人的渺小。因此,中国人游山玩水的“玩”,是“玩味”的“玩”,而不是介入其中的玩。文人乘月泛舟,静态多于动态,用心灵多于用体力。最高境界的“玩水”,是像苏东坡赤壁赋里的玩法,是静观的。由观赏“澄江似练”和“月出于东山之上,徘徊于斗牛之间”而想象到自己可以“羽化而登仙”,最后体悟到“逝者如斯,而未尝往也;盈虚者如彼,而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之,则天地曾不能以一瞬;自其不变者而观之,则物与我皆无尽也……”的哲思。用这种哲思来面对世界宇宙,则不会演变成杀伐黩武或破坏自然生态的可怕结局。

④中国人是天生的哲学家,我们几乎可以从日常一切活动之中提炼出令人感动的意义。即使游玩,也不强调表面的体力活动。历来文人与武人都不鼓励匹夫之勇,他们饮酒是为了赋诗,游山是为了寻真,玩水是为了旷怀,郊游是为了陶冶性灵。旅行家徐霞客或许比较特殊,他是为了探寻地理山形,不是纯欣赏,但也未闻他以“征服某山”自我夸耀,他只是向大地求知而已。

⑤中国人欣赏山水的态度也可以从山水画中看出。国画中绝少穷山恶水,纵使孤峰插云,仍不会给人险恶的感觉。故宫博物院收藏的后人临摹王维的《雪石图》、燕肃的《寒岩积雪图》,都使人觉得幽静之至,却又深藏着生机,而不使人感到惊惧可畏,望而却步。这是中国古人借艺术所表达的对世界的善意与爱惜,显现温柔敦厚之美。使人无论读诗看画,在孤高超诣之中却能感到无限的温和与安慰。

⑥“征服”,是人与自然站在敌对立场,来显示人类的强大。事实上,人类只可以“到达”却并不能“征服”。用“征服”的心情,专找穷山恶水去冒险,和中国式的游山玩水,在趣味上和格调上,是截然不同的两回事。前者是敌对,后者是爱惜。

⑦人类有史以来,确实克服了无数自然界的阻力,创造了文明,这是值得夸耀的一面,但人类真正的成功,还是要与自然合作而善用自然,因“征服”而贬损了对自然界的欣赏,固非人类之福;因“征服”破坏了自然界运行的秩序,恐怕更是人类之祸了。

(有删改)

小题1:.中国人对山水的“纯欣赏”态度有哪些表现?请结合文意概括作答。(6分)

小题2:文章第④段中举旅行家徐霞客一例的作用是什么?请简要分析。(4分)

小题3:本文行文自然,层次清楚,请具体分析文章的行文思路。(4分)

小题4:文章结尾作者说“人类真正的成功,还是要与自然合作而善用自然”,你怎样看待这个观点?请结合生活实际简要谈谈你的理解。(4分)

答案

小题1:①中国人游山是纯然精神上的快乐与解脱(答“中国人游山是寻幽探胜,欣赏含蓄之美”也可);②中国人玩水是为了静观自然、体悟人生;③中国人在山水画中表达出对世界的善意和爱惜(答“中国人在山水画中显现出温柔敦厚之美”也可)。(每点2分,语意相近即可)

小题2:一是要说明中国人游山即使不是纯欣赏,也只是向大地求知 (或:也是对自然保持一种谦卑);而不是以“征服”为目的(2分);二是使文章说理更严谨、更透彻(2分)。小题3:文章首先将中西方山水观加以对比,概括提出了中国人纯欣赏的山水观(1分);接着以中国人游山玩水以及创作山水画为例具体阐释了中国人的山水观(1分);再通过议论揭示了中西方山水观的本质的不同(1分);最后卒章显志,点明了人与自然和谐相处的主旨(1分)。(语意相近即可)

小题4:提示:同意此观点(1分),可结合人类善用自然或破坏自然而遭到惩罚的事例加以简单阐释(3分)。

小题1:无

小题2:无

小题3:无

小题4:无

填空题
阅读理解
阅读下面一篇短文,根据所读内容在文后表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意:每一个空只填一个单词。
Diversity means the differences between things or people; the variety makes us unique.
People have a great deal of diversity. Even though our basic body structure is the same (head, eyes, heart, arms, legs, feet, etc.), our physical characteristics are different. For instance, the color of our skin, hair, and eyes are different. Also, our height and shape provide some diversity too. Even our fingerprints are unique and different.
People have to develop their own thoughts ,opinions, feelings, and ideas about different topics and beliefs.We are influenced by different people, places, and experiences in our lives which may influence us when we have to make a decision. A person has to keep open-minded when developing an opinion. Gathering information is also crucial(决定性的) to make a decision. The more you know about a topic, the easier it will be to make a good decision. As people grow up, they may even change their previous opinions and have new ideas.
Every person has unique talents, characteristics, and challenges to share with the world. Some people are good at reading and writing. Other people are talented at art and music. Some people are good at working with numbers or science. Others are talented by sharing their creativity. Some people have challenges to work with like being deaf, blind, or learning differently than others. It is important to remember that no matter what a person is good at or struggles with, we are all special in our own way.
When we are used to other people’s differences, we are showing respect. And we can find that we belong to the world and can give any thing a reason throughout the world. We can learn about a variety of cultures, places , and different ways to look at the world.
Title: The 小题1:_______ in the world
Definition
Diversity means the differences between things or people
 
Types of diversity
The physical diversity
Our 小题2:______ look different.
 
The小题3:_____ diversity
We have our own different viewpoints and小题4:_____.
We make different decisions when we are facing the same situation.
Our opinions 小题5:_________ as we experience more and more in life.
The personal diversity
We have different 小题6:_______.
We have different 小题7:______ styles.
The benefits from 小题8:_______other people’s differences
We can let other people know that we respect them.
We become 小题9:_________.
We can 小题10:_______ our knowledge and perfect our view of  life.