问题 单项选择题

当钢轨断缝不大于()时,应立即进行紧急处理。

A、15mm

B、30mm

C、50mm

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

线路钢轨(焊缝)折断时,应按第2.2.12条的规定设置停车信号防护,断轨处理后的放行列车条件:

1.紧急处理——当钢轨断缝不大于50mm时,应立即进行紧急处理。在断缝处上好夹板或臌包夹板,用急救器固定,在断缝前后各50m拧紧扣件,并派人看守,放行列车速度不超过15km/h。如断缝小于30mm时,放行列车速度不超过25km/h。有条件时应在原位焊复,否则应在轨端钻孔,上好夹板或臌包夹板,拧紧接头螺栓,然后可适当提高行车速度。

2.临时处理——钢轨折损严重或断缝大于50mm,以及紧急处理后,不能立即焊接修复时,应封锁线路,切除伤损部分,两锯口间插入长度不短于6m的同型钢轨,轨端钻孔,上接头夹板,用10.9级螺栓拧紧。在短轨前后各50m范围内,拧紧扣件后,按正常速度放行列车,但不得大于160km/h。

临时处理或紧急处理时,应先在断缝两侧轨头非工作边做出标记,标记间距离约为8m,并准确丈量两标记间的距离和轨头非工作边一侧的断缝值,做好记录。

3.永久处理——对紧急处理或临时处理的处所,应及时插入短轨进行焊复,恢复无缝线路轨道结构。

在线路上焊接时气温不应低于0℃。放行列车时,焊缝温度应低于300℃。

阅读理解

   LONDON ( Reuters)-- Ecotourism ( 生态旅游) is causing a lot of damage to wildlife and may be endangering the survival(生存) of the very animals people are flocking to see, according to researchers.

Biologists and conservationists ( 自然环境保护论者) are worried because polar bears, dolphins, penguins and other creatures are getting stressed and losing weight and some are dying.

"Evidence is growing that many animals do not react well to tourists in their backyard,” New Scientist magazine said.

The immediate effects researchers have noticed are changes in behavior, heart rates, or stress hormone levels but they fear it could get much worse and over the long term "could endanger the survival of the very wildlife they want to see".

Although money produced through ecotourism, which has been growing at about 10--30 percent a year, has major benefits for poor countries and people living in rural areas, the Swiss-based World Conservation Union and some governments fear not all projects are audited (审计) and based on environmentally friendly policies, according to the magazine,

"The transmission(传播) of disease to wildlife, or small changes to wildlife health through disturbance of daily life or increased stress levels, while not obvious to the casual observer, may translate to lower survival and breeding ,"said Philip Seddon, of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand.

Scientists have noticed that bottleneck dolphins along the northeastern coast of New Zealand become nervously excited when tourist boats arrive. Similar changes in behavior have been observed in polar bears and yellow-eyed penguins in areas visited by ecotourists are producing smaller babies.

Conservationists are now calling for more research into the effect of ecotourism on animals and say the industry must be developed carefully. They also want studies done before new ecotourism projects are started.

“The animals’ welfare should be very important because without them there will be no ecotourism,”said Rochelle Constantine of the University of Auckland in New Zealand.

72. What's the text mainly about?

A. Many animals are dying because of lack of money.

B. There will be no ecotourism without animals.

C. Ecotourism could endanger the survival of the wildlife people want to see.

D. More research should be done on ecotourism.

73. We may learn from the text that __

A. ecotourism must be developed properly

B. polar bears are losing weight without enough food

C. all the poor countries have stopped ecotourism

D. money produced through ecotourism should be spent on wildlife

74. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?

A. Many animals do not react well in their backyard..

B. Polar bears in areas visited by ecotourists are producing smaller babies.

C. Ecotourism has been growing at about 10--30 percent a year.

D. Studies should be done before new  ecotourism projects are started.

75. What Rochelle Constantine said in the last paragraph implies that __

A. if people want to get high income, they must develop ecotourism

B. animals have rights to live their own life

C. animals are people’s good friends

D. people should take good care of wildlife

填空题