问题 材料题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一 1787年以前的美国,是由十三个独立州组成的政治军事联盟。因为根据《邦联条例》规定,州政府可以发行货币、征税、招募及维持军队,拥有除外交之外的一切权力;而作为中央政府的邦联国会,除拥有外交权、邮 * * 等之外,别无什么重大权力。有鉴于此,1787年联邦宪法提出了实行以联邦政府权力为主导的分权原则,明确划定了新的中央政府即联邦政府与州政府的权力关系。

材料二 从内战到”罗斯福新政“之前,是美国联邦政府权力扩大的历史时期。而”新政“时期,美国联邦政府达到了集权化。在这一时期,联邦政府的权力全面扩大,而州政府的权力日渐式微,不得不仰联邦之鼻息。在这一特殊历史时期,联邦政府利用宪法赋予的商业管理权,全面干预社会和经济领域里的各种关系。“新政”的成功,在美国历史上开创了一种集权式的政治管理模式。随着美国城市的迅速发展,带来一系列社会问题,如住房紧张、交通拥挤、犯罪率高、环境污染、疾病蔓延、教育经费不足等;尤其是50年代以后,城市问题积重难返,危及整个社会,而大多数州政府因财政经费捉襟见肘,对城市疾患力不从心。这就更加促使这种集权式政治管理模式成为了一种大政府式的政治传统。——以上材料均摘编自张定河《美国联邦制的基本原则及其历史演变》

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,指出美国联邦宪法下的分权与邦联条例下的分权有何不同,这种分权对美国有何影响?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)与材料一相比,材料二反映了美国分权怎样的发展趋势?分析出现这一趋势的主要原因。

___________________________________________________________________________________________

答案

(1)不同:①邦联宪法下邦联政府的权力有限,地方各州的权力高于邦联政府;②联邦宪法则规定联邦权力高于各州权力,把主权赋予联邦政府,同时对州保留了一定的自治权(或中央集权与地方分权相结合)。影响:有利于维护美国国家的统一和社会稳定;有利于调动地方的积极性;有利于美国资本主义的发展。

(2)发展趋势:联邦政府的权力不断扩大,州的权力日益缩小。原因:①美国严重的经济危机和社会危机迫切要求放弃“自由放任”政策,加强联邦政府的权利;②罗斯福新政的实施,加强了联邦政府的权力;③城市发展出现的社会问题及州政府的乏力,客观上推动了联邦政府权力的扩大。

解答题
阅读理解

Once there was a young woman who didn’t like her job. Everyday when she came home from work, she told her husband how terrible her day had been, how tiring the work and how unreasonable her boss. “Leave that job,” her husband told her.

“Oh, I will,” she said. “But not yet. I have too many friends there for me to leave.” And so she remained unhappy at work until the years became decades and her children had children. “Leave that job,” her grandchildren told her. “Oh, I will,” she said. “But not yet. There are only seven more years until I reach thirty years of service and can retire. So I can’t just yet.”

I know this woman. And her story reminds me of an old dog half asleep on the porch of a general store, moaning and groaning in the sun. “Why is your dog acting that way?” a customer asked the store owner. “Oh,” answered the man. “He’s lying on a nail.” “Well, why doesn’t he move?” “Because it’s not hurting him bad enough.”

That’s true for people, too. We convince ourselves the pain is not bad enough to leave the workplace we know. But we’re wrong. Prolonged work pain is continuing. Some work pain damages our self-esteem, kills our passion or destroys our dreams.

Wilbur Wright once commented, “We could hardly wait to get up in the morning. I know that exhilarating feeling of being so passionate about something I was working on that I couldn’t wait to get back to work. And people who are winning at working know that kind of passion, too.”

They get excited about work. They offer their unique gifts and talents eagerly. And when things don’t change as they sometimes will, they refuse to let environment hijack(劫持) their self-esteem, passion or dreams.

小题1:The woman complained to her husband every day because   .

A.she didn’t have enough money to support her family

B.her boss criticized her for what she had done

C.she was not satisfied with her job at all

D.her work was difficult and her boss was cruel小题2:From the second paragraph we can know that the woman   .

A.liked making friends with others

B.loved all of her children very much

C.left her tiring job at last

D.did exactly the same job all along小题3:The underlined word “Prolonged” (in Paragraph 4) means   .

A.lasting

B.slight

C.serious

D.hard小题4:People who are getting along well with their work     .

A.have to get up early every day

B.are not willing to go to work

C.need more unique gifts and talents

D.are likely to change with the situation