问题 问答题 简答题

叙述常用的肿瘤标志物的临床意义。

答案

参考答案:

(1)甲胎蛋白(AFP):原发性肝细胞性肝癌,AFP增高,生殖腺胚胎肿瘤(睾丸癌、卵巢癌、畸胎瘤等)、胃癌或胰腺癌时,AFP也升高,病毒性肝炎、肝硬化,AFP有不同程度升高,妊娠3~4个月,AFP开始升高,7~8个月,达到高峰,以后下降。

(2)癌胚抗原(CEA.:CEA明显增高,见于90%的胰腺癌、74%的结肠癌、60%的乳腺癌,动态观察一般病情好转时,CEA浓度下降,病情加重时可升高,结肠炎、胰腺炎、肝脏疾病、肺气肿及支气管哮喘,CEA轻度升高。

(3)前列腺特异性抗原测定(PSA.:前列腺癌60%~90%PSA水平明显升高,良性前列腺癌、前列腺肥大或急性前列腺炎14%PSA水平升高。

(4)癌抗原125测定(糖脂)(CA125):卵巢癌患者血清CA125水平明显升高,60%~90%宫颈癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、胆道癌、肝癌、胃癌、结肠癌、肺癌等也有一定的阳性反应,良性卵巢瘤、子宫肌瘤,CA125明显升高,肝硬化失代偿期,血清CA125也明显升高。

(5)神经元特异性烯醇化酶测定(NSE.:小细胞性肺癌,NSE水平高出其他类型肺癌5~10倍(80%~90%),其他组织型肺癌仅10%~20%的患者NSE升高。NSE是神经母细胞瘤的标志物,其灵敏度可达90%以上,发病时NSE水平明显升高,正常RBC中存在NSE,标本溶血影响结果。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     It was the first snow of winter-an exciting day for every child but not for most teachers. Up until now,

I had been old enough to dress myself, but today would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten

teacher, had been through first snow days many times, but I think she may still remember this one.

     I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. But I struggled won my jacket because it didn't fit well.

It was a hand-me-down from my brother, and if made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes, At

least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson

help me with my boots (靴子).

     In her calm, motherly voice she said, "By the end of winter, you will all be able to put on your own boots."

I didn't realize at the at the time that this was more a statement of hope than of confidence (信心).

     I handed her my boots and stuck out my foot. Like most children, I expected grown-ups to do all the

work. After much pushing, she managed to get first one into place and then, with a sigh, worked the second

one on too.

     I announced, "They're on the wrong feet."

     She struggled to get the boots off and went through the joyless task of putting them on again.

     "They're my brother's boots, you know," I said. "I hate them".

     Somehow, from long years of practice, she managed to act as though I wasn't an annoying (烦人的) little

girl, She struggle with me, she asked, "Now, where are your mittens (连指手套)?"

     I looked into her eyes and said, "I didn't want to lose them, so I hid them in the toes of my boots."

1. The little girl was more satisfied with her _____.

A. trousers

B. jacket

C. boots

D. hat

2. Miss Finlayson had difficulty with the girl's boots mainly because _____.

A. the girl got them from her brother

B. the girl put something in them

C. they were on the wrong feet

D. they did not fit the girl well

3. Why does the author Miss Finlayson would remember that first snow day?

A. Because the little girl was in her brother's clothes.

B. Because it was the most exciting day of the winter.

C. Because the little girl played a trick on her.

D. Because the little girl wore a pretty scarf.

4. We can learn from the text that Miss Finlayson _____.

A. was losing confidence in the little girl.

B. gradually lost patience with the little girl.

C. became disappointed with the little girl.

D. was getting bored with the little girl.

单项选择题 A型题