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齿状线在解剖学和临床上有哪些特点?

答案

参考答案:

(1)齿状线是皮肤和黏膜的交界线,齿状线以上是直肠,肠腔内壁覆盖着黏膜;齿状线以下是肛门,肛管覆盖着皮肤。齿状线以上的痔是内痔,齿状线以下的痔是外痔。齿状线以上的息肉、肿瘤附以黏膜,多数是腺瘤;齿状线以下的肿瘤附以皮肤,是皮肤癌等。

(2)齿状线以上的神经是自主神经,没有明显痛感,故内痔不痛,手术时是无痛区;齿状线以下的神经是脊神经,痛感强烈,故外痔、肛裂及舡周脓肿均非常疼痛,手术时是有痛区。

(3)齿状线以上的血管是直肠上血管,其静脉与门静脉系统相通;齿状线以下是肛门血管,其静脉属下腔静脉系统。在齿状线附近门静脉与体静脉相通。

(4)齿状线上淋巴向上回流,汇入盆腔淋巴结;齿状线下淋巴向下回流,经大腿根部汇入腹股沟淋巴结,所以肿瘤转移,齿状线上向腹腔,齿状线下向大腿根部。

(5)齿状线是内胚层与外胚层的汇合处,所以几乎所有肛门、直肠先天性畸形如锁肛等都发生在齿状线。

(6)齿状线还是排便反射的诱发区,齿状线区分布着高度特化的感觉神经终末组织。如手术中切除或损伤齿状线过多,就会引起排便反射减弱或感觉性肛门失禁。

(7)齿状线上方不到1cm宽的环状区域有柱状上皮,复层上皮,鳞状上皮3种混合上皮。此区上方是柱状上皮,齿状线下部是鳞状上皮,所以在手术时不宜过多损伤此处组织,以免影响创口愈合。

阅读理解

As you research music, you will find much that is familiar to you. You will find music which tells you interesting places and exciting things to do. You will find music which expresses that are often own.

Music is an expression(表达) of the people. As you research, you will find music of people at work or at play. You will find expresses love of the country, love of nature and love of home. Music is also an expression of the composer(创作者). The composer expresses his own music ideas. He studies the materials(材料) of music and discovers of using them. He looks for new kinds of musical expression.

Music can suggest actions and feelings which we share(分享). We can enjoy playing and singing music, dancing and listening to the music of the people and the composers of different times and places.

小题1:In the first paragraph(段落), the writer tells us___________.

A.to find pleasure and our feelings in music

B.how to research music

C.how to express your feelings in music

D.to discover the things and places in music小题2:From the second paragraph we know that________.

A.music sings the country, nature and home

B.if we love music we will love the country, nature and home

C.we may listen to music at work or at play

D.music can express how people live, work and think小题3:The last paragraph shows that music makes it possible_______.

A.that music can express actions and feelings

B.people can enjoy singing and dancing to the music

C.to bring understanding between people of different times and places

D.to make people of different times and places happy小题4:Through music, the composer_______________.

A.wishes you to study music with him

B.expresses his feelings and ideas

C.studies the materials of music

D.shoes his love of the country小题5:The best title(标题) of this passage may be__________.

A.Enjoy Singing and Dancing

B.Music-Expression of the Composer

C.Research Music

D.Music-Suggestion of Feelings

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