问题 综合题

阅读下列材料,结合所学知识回答问题。(20分)

材料一 伯利克里讲到:“我们的政治制度之所以被称为民主政治,是因为 * * 在全体人民手中,而不是在少数人手中。解决私人争执的时候,每个人在法律上都是平等的……在我们的私人生活中,我们是自由的和宽恕的;但是在公家的事物中,我们遵守法律。这是因为这种法律制度使我们心悦诚服。

——伯利克里在伯罗奔尼撒战争爆发时的演讲

材料二  1、凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。 ……9、议会内之演说自由,辩论或议事之自由,不应在议会以外之任何法院或任何地方,受到弹劾或询问。

材料三 第十一条 联邦的 * * 职位属于普鲁士国王,普鲁士国王享有德意志皇帝的尊称。皇帝在国际关系上为帝国的代表,以帝国的名义宣战与媾和。……第十五条 联邦议会的 * * 职位及其事务的领导权属于皇帝任命的帝国宰相。

材料四 根据1875年法兰西第三共和国宪法,共和国的立法权由众议院和参议院两院行使。参议院由间接选举产生,众议院通过普选方式产生。行 * * 由总统和内阁掌握,总统和内阁部长共同向议会负责。总统是国家元首和军队的最高统帅,并与参众两院议员共有创议法律之权,总统在征得参议院同意后,可解散尚未届满的众议院,总统的命令须经其任命的各内阁部长副署。

(1)材料一中的“全体人民”指哪些人? 伯利克里心中的民主制度的本质特征是什么? (3分)

(2)材料二中的规定出自哪部文献?该文献颁布的历史意义是什么?(3分)

(3)依据材料三、四,指出两国元首产生方式及与各自议会之间关系的差异?(4分)

(4)在学习 “资本主义政治制度在欧洲大陆的扩展”一课后,张明同学认为法国的政体进步,杨力同学认为德国的政体有效。你同意哪一位同学的观点,请根据法、德两国的政体特征、作用说明你的观点和理由。(6分)

(5)材料一与材料二、三、四所揭示的政治制度有何本质区别? (4分)

答案

(1)雅典所以成年男性公民,维护奴隶主阶级的统治。(3分)

(2)《权利法案》;标志英国确立了君主立宪制政体。(3分)

(3)德国:世袭,控制议会;法国:选举,对议会负责。(4分)

(4)法国:政体:资产阶级民主共和制;

作用:在法国确立了资产阶级代议制,有利于法国资本主义经济的迅速发展,推进了民主政治发展的进程。

(或)德国:政体:君主立宪制;

作用:在德国确立了资产阶级代议制,有利于德国资本主义经济的迅速发展;有利于德国国家的统一与强大;(6分)

(5)材料一是奴隶制的直接民主,其余的是资产阶级代议制民主。(4分)

题目分析:本题以西方古代、近代政治制度材料创设情境,考查古希腊民主政治、近代西方资产阶级代议制等内容。第(1)问要求回答希腊民主政治的主体,性质,可结合所学知识回答,相对简单。第(2)问从材料很容易的看出这是出自英国的《权利法案》,该法案的颁布,标志着英国君主立宪制的确立。第(3)问注意比较德国、法国的政治体制,仔细的分析材料,依材料回答即可。第(4)问此题是开放性的试题,不管同意哪种意见,都要说出理由。第(5)问以上材料涉及到的均是民主政治,但是它们的性质和形式不一样。

点评:雅典民主制为后世提供了一种集体管理的新形势,创作了法制基础上的差额选举制、任期制、议会制和比例代表制等民主运作的新方式,对后世产生了深远的影响。但是雅典民主制范围狭隘,代表的奴隶主阶层的利益。近代西方政体均是通过立法的方式确立近代的民主政体,以代议制为核心,反映了由专制走向民主、由人治走向法治的过程。建立资本主义政体的手段有革命的方式,也有改革的方式;英国、美国、法国和德国的政体的相关内容也需要掌握。

选择题
阅读理解

Have you ever heard the story of the four-minute miles? Many years ago, people believed that it was impossible for a human Being to run a mile in less than four minutes until Roger Banister proved it wrong in 1954.

What happens if you put an animal in a pond? Any animal, big or small, will swim its way through. What happens when someone, who doesn't know how to swim, falls in deep waters? They drown. If an animal who has not learnt swimming could escape by swimming, why not you? Because you believe you will drown while the animal doesn't.

Have you ever wondered why the letters are organized in a particular order on your keyboard? You might have thought it is to increase the typing speed. Most people never question it. But the fact is that this system was developed to reduce the typing speed at a time when typewriter parts would jam(堵塞) if the operator typed too fast.

These three cases show the power of our beliefs. There is no other more powerful directing force in human behavior than belief. Your beliefs have the power to create and to destroy. A belief delivers command to your nervous system.

I used a snake in my workshops for children to show them how unrealistic some of their beliefs are. Students of a school in India, said snakes are slippery and slimy and poisonous. After doing an exercise for changing beliefs, they handled my snake and found it to be dry and clean. They also remembered that only     three types of poisonous snakes exist in India.

Did this story end the way you thought? Review your beliefs now and find out which ones you need to change?

小题1:In the author’s opinion, if a person in deep water doesn’t know how to swim, he will drown because______.

A.he is afraid of water.

B.he believes he will drown.

C.he hasn’t learnt to swim before.

D.he don’t want to live in the world.小题2:The author thinks that the letters organized in a particular order on your keyboard in order to ______

A. save more space                   

B. satisfy the operator

C.reduce one’s typing speed           

D increase one’s typing speed

小题3:The author’s experiment shows that____

A.snakes are dry and clean

B.snakes can be caught easily

C.snakes are slimy and poisonous

D.snakes in India aren’t poisonous小题4:According to the passage, we know that_____

A.students from India have unrealistic beliefs on how to live a better life

B.an animal who hasn’t learnt how to swim will drown if you put it in pond.

C.most people don’t like the order the letters are arranged on your keyboard

D.Roger Banister was the first person who ran a mile in less than four minutes.小题5:The main idea of this passage should be that______.

A.Beliefs are very powerful.

B.Beliefs make us seem stupid.

C.Changing your beliefs now is necessary.

D.People should always believe in themselves.