问题 问答题 简答题

简述血小板的止血功能。

答案

参考答案:

血小板在止血血栓的病理生理过程中起着重要作用。其黏附、聚集、释放、促凝、血块收缩等功能对于血小板的止血功能十分重要,其中血小板黏附和释放处于中心环节。

(1)黏附功能:血管受损时,血小板借助某些桥连物质(如vWF),及自身表面表达的糖蛋白受体(如GPⅠb/V/Ⅸ、GPⅠa/Ⅱa),与内皮下胶原、微纤维黏附,参与一期止血,并激活血小板参与二期止血,形成牢固血栓。

(2)聚集功能:活化的血小板在Ca2+协同下通过构象改变的CPⅡb/Ⅲa与纤维蛋白原结合,从而发生血小板间的聚集,为血小板的进一步活化和参与二期止血提供保证。

(3)释放反应:血小板活化后,α、γ及溶酶体等贮存颗粒中的内容物通过开放管道系统(OCS)释放到血小板外,释放的物质如ADP、5-HT、血小板活化因子、花生四烯酸代谢物、vWF等又可进一步强化血小板的黏附和聚集,从而形成有效的血小板血栓以封闭损伤的血管壁。

(4)促凝作用:活化的血小板磷脂中的PF3翻转暴露于血小板外衣上,为凝血过程中因子X和因子Ⅱ提供了活化表面。另外血小板释放的内容物中包含多种凝血因子,可加强局部凝血作用。

(5)血块收缩:血小板变形后的伪足可向心性收缩,使纤维蛋白束弯曲,挤出纤维蛋白网隙中血清并加固血凝块,有利于止血和血栓形成。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     We know that many animals do not stay in one place. Bird, fish and other animals move from one

place to another at a certain time. They move for different reasons: most of them move to find food more

easily, but others move to get away from places that are too crowded.

     When cold weather comes, many birds move to warmer places to find food. Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed. The most famous migration (迁移) is probably the migration of the fish, which is called "salmon". This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water.

There it spends its life. When it is old, it returns to its birthplace in fresh water. Then it gives birth and dies

there. In northern Europe, there is a kind of mouse. They leave their mountain homes when they become

too crowded. They move down to the low land. Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside, and

many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.

     Recently, scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobster (龙虾). Every year, when the

season of bad weather arrives, the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the

ocean. Nobody knows why they do this, and nobody knows where they go.

So, sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another, but at other times

we don't. Maybe living things just like to travel.

1. Most animals move from one place to another at a certain time to _________.

A. give birth

B. enjoy warmer weather

C. find food more easily

D. find beautiful places

2. The fish called "salmon" spends a long life in _________.

A. salt water

B. rivers  

C. fresh water

D. its birthplace

3. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Animals move in order to find food more easily.

B. The migration of the fish called "salmon" is the most famous migration.

C. Living things move from one place to another because they like to travel.

D. sometimes we know why and how living things move from one place to another,

     but sometimes we don't.

填空题