问题 问答题 论述题

试述19世纪后期欧美主要国家完善资本主义政治经济制度的措施。

答案

参考答案:

⑴权力机构改革。

①本身体制改革:行 * * 力不断膨胀,国家机器日益强化,政府结构更加完善(专家的科学化管理,文官制度改革),资产阶级代议制度扩散。

②英美两国文官制度改革。在英国官吏任免一向实行“恩赐制”,吏治的腐败在美国表现为“分赃制”。

⑵扩大公民的民主权力。

①英国:1872年,通过《投票法案》;1884年通过《人民代表法案》;1885年又通过《重新分配席位法案》;1911年通过阿斯奎斯提案;实行了旨在清除选举舞弊行为的改革,于1883年通过《取缔选举舞弊及非法行为法》。

②美国:实行直接预选制和创制权。

③其他欧洲国家主要是实现了普选权。

⑶政府对市场进行干预。

①反托拉斯。

②规定最低工资标准。

⑷社会福利政策:主要是社会立法。

德国:

①1883年,颁布《疾病保险法》。

②1884年,颁布《意外工伤保险法案》。

③1889年,颁布《老年及残疾保险法》。

④1889年后,废除《非常法》,实行新的福利措施。

⑤威廉二世时,颁布《青工保护法》,建立劳资仲裁法庭。

英国:

①1874年英国政府颁布法律,禁止10岁以下的儿童在纺织厂中工作。

②1878年的《整顿法》确立了工厂卫生的检查制度。

③1834年,颁布《济贫法》。

④1911年通过《国 * * 险法》。

⑤1909年通过《住房与城市规划法》。

⑥1906年通过《工会争议法》。

法国:

①1893年的法律保障了工人及其家属的免费医疗。

②1905年的法律为矿工规定了9小时的最大限度的工作时间,1907年缩为8小时。

③1884年法律承认工会为合法组织,保护工会的活动。

④1892年法律为劳资纠纷建立了一个仲裁机构。

⑤1898年法律要求雇主对于工伤的工人进行赔偿。

⑥1911年实行工人老年津贴制。

其它措施:英国政府在1860-1875年间,颁布和执行一连串关于食品饮料标准、环境卫生、健康和居住条件的法令。

美国:进步运动。

①城市的改革运动。

②拉福莱特在任威斯康星州州长时发动的改革运动。

③西奥多〃罗斯福和伍德罗〃威尔逊推行的改革运动。

完形填空
完形填空。
    Last winter, when I was heavily pregnant(怀孕), I was visiting my sister and brother-in-law's
house. I had to park my car in a nearby parking lot because they didn't have a place for parking.
The snow was extremely heavy and there was lots of    1   on the ground, so not many people
dared to go out that evening! When I left their house and    2   to my car around 11pm, I noticed
that my car was the only one    3   .
     Surrounded by silence, I rushed into the car nervously. When I finally tried to   4   away, my
wheels began to spin(打滑). I realized I was stuck! I wondered what I should do.   5   , in my
rear-view mirror(后视镜), I saw four teenage boys    6   my car. They were walking side by side
in a line and behaved a bit like    7   - at least I thought that was what they looked like. My
car was in a very    8   area and I was so frightened when I saw them. I was certain they were
coming to my car to    9   me.
     Terrified, I just froze. One of the young men tapped on my window    10   and said, "Excuse
me, Madam, would you like some    11   ? You seem to have a problem with the car." Still a little
afraid, I said, "I am stuck." And the young man said, "It's okay. Stay in your car and we'll    12  
you out of the snow." And they did! When they finally got my car out of the snow, they   13   and
waved good-bye to me. I rolled down my window and thanked them,     14   to have judged them
so poorly.
     People like to judge the person they come across, and they are in turn judged by others. It's
natural that we judge others, but when we do this, we shouldn't    15   the old saying, "Don't judge
a book by its cover."
( ) 1. A. sand    
( ) 2. A. looked
( ) 3. A. left  
( ) 4. A. walk  
( ) 5. A. Actually
( ) 6. A. damaging
( ) 7. A. robbers
( ) 8. A. secret
( ) 9. A. support
( )10. A. rapidly
( )11. A. change
( )12. A. pull  
( )13. A. waited
( )14. A. sorry  
( )15. A. hate  
B. ice    
B. escaped
B. destroyed
B. run    
B. Suddenly  
B. touching
B. students
B. bright  
B. harm    
B. loudly  
B. advice  
B. push    
B. shouted
B. delighted
B. stop    
C. stone    
C. returned  
C. prepared  
C. drive    
C. Obviously  
C. hitting  
C. policemen
C. lonely    
C. serve    
C. helplessly
C. fun      
C. lead      
C. smiled    
C. confident
C. follow    
D. water          
D. pointed        
D. sold          
D. get            
D. Finally        
D. approaching    
D. soldiers      
D. dirty          
D. warm          
D. gently        
D. help          
D. put            
D. joked          
D. frightened    
D. forget        

问答题