问题 单项选择题

预期的未来收入增加会引起消费支出()和储蓄()。

A、增加、增加

B、增加、减少

C、减少、增加

D、减少、减少

答案

参考答案:B

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读理解。

短期气候预测:帮你“听风便知雨”

  短期气候预测,就是每天电视广播里的天气预报吧?如果你这样想,那就大错特错了。我们收听、收看天气预报,三五天内的气温、温度、风力等“一切尽在掌握中”,大大便利了日常起居。但是,想不想在酷暑里知道这个冬天冷不冷?想不想在寒冬中预知明年夏天发不发洪水?——那就要靠“短期气候预测”了。

  中国是个多自然灾害的国家,旱涝、高温、冷害等气候灾害造成直接经济损失年均约1000亿元,死亡人数年均6000人以上。同时,中国又是农业大国,农业“靠天吃饭”,气象预测的“九五”攻关项目,引来全国105个单位、400多名科研人员为之奔忙,这个项目,就是“中国短期气候预测系统研究”。

  “短期气候预测”,是相较“长期气候预测”而言,后者做的是未来50、100年的气候分析,难度极高。而“短期”,也不像天气预报时段那么“短”,它的时间概念不是“日”,而论“月”、“季”、“半年”、“一年”。它所承担的是,帮助国家决策部门了解掌握未来数月里或一年里的气候变迁,减免不必要的人、财、物损失。

  例如,预测即将来临的冬天何时变冷,石油开采部门由此决定油井需要何时封井,稍有迟缓,冰就会像刀子般把油管割裂;天气冷到何种程度,便可预知某些海湾会不会结冰,破冰船之类的交通运输工具要不要及早调度;而农业部门也根据预测的气候冷暖,提前选择明年播种的作物品种。甚至于,明年的空调产量乃至于扇子、饮料产量,相关行业都会随时看“短期气候预测”的“脸色”行事。农业、水利、交通、工业等等,短期气候预测的作用无处不在,说它与老百姓生活息息相关绝非夸张。

  短期气候预测,印度做了百余年,日本、俄罗斯做了七八十年,与之相比,中国这方面的“资历”同样不算短。1958年,我国首次发布“长期气候预测”,这就是“短期气候预测的前身”。40多年来经验积累了不少,但一直到90年代,我国始终处于各地零散研究的状态,而从未将之“业务化”,换句话说,完整的预测系统尚未建立。

  科研的每一点进展都不会是来自一两个人的一蹴而就。预测系统包括全球各国的各种气候资料收集齐全,随之建立一个包括预报天气、海洋与大气耦合模式、中国与邻近区域地区细化、厄尔尼诺系统预报等繁杂的模式系统……这一切,意味着一个漫长而艰苦的过程。5年奋战,终使“中国短期气候预测系统研究”大功告成。

  作为“九五”重中之重的科研项目,中国短期气候预测系统曾在“1998抗洪年”准确预报了长江、松花江洪水以及2000年的汛期。目前,该系统在国家气候中心用于年、月、季节、年及年际时间尺度的气候预测业务试报。

  与天气预报相比,短期气候预测面对更多不确定因素。凭啥判断下一个季节是热是冷、是旱是涝?即便掌握征兆,周密演算,也还可能要面对一些不可预知的变数。

  1998年大洪水之所以能准确预报,正缘于一些重要征兆被我们及时抓住:1997年冬天,青藏高原大雪频频,与此同时,“厄尔尼诺现象”频频光顾我国。科学家通过系统中众多模式对其进行了繁杂的演算,从而判定,第二年有洪水。这套系统主攻的是汛期预报,每年4月间都会向有关决策部门通报当年夏天汛情预报结果。对于今夏还会不会干旱下去,雨水多不多,目前仍意见不一。

  气象变幻莫测,短期气候预测系统绝非万能,在误差中不断修正,气象科学才能进步。

1.本文的说明对象是___________,说明的主要内容是___________。

2.第1段开篇用了一个___________句,能否改成其他的句式?为什么?谈一谈其中的理由。

_____________________________________________________________________

3.由第3段给“短期气候预测”下定义。

_____________________________________________________________________

4.第4段运用___________说明方法。

5.第7段中回答了中国短期气候预测的两大功绩:(1)___________(2)___________。

6.本文的说明顺序为___________。

阅读理解

Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few obvious benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.

Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup (基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.

Nearly every successful civilization(文明) has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.

Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions(物质财产). Knowledge or techniques have been gained through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space industry!

While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.

While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive(适应的) ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.

小题1:Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?

A.To express his doubts.

B.To compare different ideas.

C.To introduce points for discussion.

D.To describe the conditions on Earth.小题2:What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?

A.Humans are nature-born to do so.

B.Humans have the tendency to fight.

C.Humans may find new sources of food.

D.Humans don't like to stay in the same place.小题3:The underlined word "spin-offs" in Paragraph 4 probably refers to______.

A.survival chances

B.potential resources

C.unexpected benefits

D.physical possessions小题4:What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?

A.Our genetic makeup.

B.Resources on the earth.

C.The adaptive ability of humans.

D.By-products in space exploration.小题5:What does the writer want to tell us in the passage?

A.Space exploration has created many wonders.

B.Space exploration provided the best value for money.

C.Space exploration can benefit science and technology.

D.The Exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.